常用SQL查詢：

1、查看表空間的名稱及大小
 
select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
group by t.tablespace_name;
 
2、查看表空間物理文件的名稱及大小
 
select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,
round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space
from dba_data_files
order by tablespace_name;
 
3、查看回滾段名稱及大小
 
select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
max_extents, v.curext CurExtent
From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
order by segment_name;
 
4、查看控制文件
 
select name from v$controlfile;
 
5、查看日志文件
 
select member from v$logfile;
 
6、查看表空間的使用情況
 
select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
 
SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
FROM SYS.***$TS_***AIL A,SYS.***$TS_USED B,SYS.***$TS_FREE C
WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;
 
7、查看數據庫庫對象
 
select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;
 
8、查看數據庫的版本　
 
Select version FROM Product_component_version
Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';
 
9、查看數據庫的創建日期和歸檔方式
 
Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;
 
10、捕捉運行很久的SQL
 
column username format a12
column opname format a16
column progress format a8
 
select username,sid,opname,
      round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress,
      time_remaining,sql_text
from v$session_longops , v$sql
where time_remaining <> 0
and sql_address = address
and sql_hash_value = hash_value
/
11。查看數據表的參數信息
SELECT   partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,
        pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,
        next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,
        freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,
        empty_blocks, ***g_space, chain_cnt, ***g_row_len, sample_size,
        last_analyzed
   FROM dba_tab_partitions
  --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner
ORDER BY partition_position
 
12.查看還沒提交的事務
select * from v$locked_object;
select * from v$transaction;
 
13。查找object為哪些進程所用
select
p.spid,
s.sid,
s.serial# serial_num,
s.username user_name,
a.type  object_type,
s.osuser os_user_name,
a.owner,
a.object object_name,
decode(sign(48 - command),
1,
to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,
p.program oracle_process,
s.terminal terminal,
s.program program,
s.status session_status  
from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p  
where s.paddr = p.addr and
     s.type = 'USER' and   
     a.sid = s.sid   and
  a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'
order by s.username, s.osuser
 
14?；貪L段查看
select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents
Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs,
v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes,
sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs,
v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and
v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum
 
15。耗資源的進程（top session）
select s.schemaname schema_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1,
to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,    status
session_status,   s.osuser os_user_name,   s.sid,         p.spid ,         s.serial# serial_num,  
nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name,   s.terminal terminal,   
s.program program,   st.value criteria_value  from v$sesstat st,   v$session s  , v$process p  
where st.sid = s.sid and   st.statistic# = to_number('38') and   ('ALL' = 'ALL'
or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc,  p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc
 
16。查看鎖（lock）情況
select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name,   ls.username user_name,  
decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX',
'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type,  
o.object_name object,   decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3,
'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null)
lock_mode,    o.owner,   ls.sid,   ls.serial# serial_num,   ls.id1,   ls.id2   
from sys.dba_objects o, (   select s.osuser,    s.username,    l.type,    
l.lmode,    s.sid,    s.serial#,    l.id1,    l.id2   from v$session s,    
v$lock l   where s.sid = l.sid ) ls  where o.object_id = ls.id1 and    o.owner
<> 'SYS'   order by o.owner, o.object_name
 
17。查看等待（wait）情況
SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value
FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets',
'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count
 
18。查看sga情況
SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC
 
19。查看catched object
SELECT owner,              name,              db_link,              namespace, 
           type,              sharable_mem,              loads,              executions,  
          locks,              pins,              kept        FROM v$db_object_cache
         
20。查看V$SQLAREA
SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS,
VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS,
USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,
BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA
 
21。查看object分類數量
select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 ,
'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from
sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3
, 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select
'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from
 
22。按用戶查看object種類
select u.name schema,   sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,  
sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,   sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL))
clusters,   sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,   sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1,
NULL)) synonyms,   sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,  
sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1))
others   from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u   where o.type# >= 1 and    u.user# =
o.owner# and   u.name <> 'PUBLIC'   group by u.name    order by
sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$
 
23。有關connection的相關信息
1）查看有哪些用戶連接
select s.osuser os_user_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),
'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,     p.program oracle_process,    
status session_status,    s.terminal terminal,    s.program program,   
s.username user_name,    s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,    '' query,   
0 memory,    0 max_memory,     0 cpu_usage,    s.sid,   s.serial# serial_num   
from v$session s,    v$process p   where s.paddr=p.addr and    s.type = 'USER' 
order by s.username, s.osuser
2）根據v.sid查看對應連接的資源占用等情況
select n.name,
 v.value,
 n.class,
 n.statistic# 
from  v$statname n,
 v$sesstat v
where v.sid = 71 and
 v.statistic# = n.statistic#
order by n.class, n.statistic#
3）根據sid查看對應連接正在運行的sql
select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */
 command_type,
 sql_text,
 sharable_mem,
 persistent_mem,
 runtime_mem,
 sorts,
 version_count,
 loaded_versions,
 open_versions,
 users_opening,
 executions,
 users_executing,
 loads,
 first_load_time,
 invalidations,
 parse_calls,
 disk_reads,
 buffer_gets,
 rows_processed,
 sysdate start_time,
 sysdate finish_time,
 '>' || address sql_address,
 'N' status
from v$sqlarea
where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)
 
24．查詢表空間使用情況
select a.tablespace_name "表空間名稱",
100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "占用率(%)",
round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)",
round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空閑(M)",
round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)",
Largest "最大擴展段(M)",
to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "采樣時間"
from  (select f.tablespace_name,
   sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,
   sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes
from dba_data_files f
group by tablespace_name) a,
(select  f.tablespace_name,
    sum(f.bytes) bytes_free
from dba_free_space f
group by tablespace_name) b,
(select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,
   ts.name tablespace_name
from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts
where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts#
group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c
where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name
 
25. 查詢表空間的碎片程度
 
select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name
h***ing count(tablespace_name)>10;
 
alter tablespace name coalesce;
alter table name deallocate unused;
 
create or replace view ts_blocks_v as
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space
union all
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;
 
select * from ts_blocks_v;
 
select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
 
26。查詢有哪些數據庫實例在運行
select inst_name from v$active_instances;
 
===========================================================
######### 創建數據庫----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############
 
create database db01
maxlogfiles 10
maxdatafiles 1024
maxinstances 2
logfile
GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M,
datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M,
undo tablespace UNDO
datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M
default temporary tablespace TEMP
tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M
extent management local uniform size 128k
character set AL32UTE8
national character set AL16UTF16
set time_zone='America/New_York';
 
############### 數據字典 ##########
 
set wrap off
 
select * from v$dba_users;
 
grant select on table_name to user/rule;
 
select * from user_tables;
 
select * from all_tables;
 
select * from dba_tables;
 
revoke dba from user_name;
 
shutdown immediate
 
startup nomount
 
select * from v$instance;
 
select * from v$sga;
 
select * from v$tablespace;
 
alter session set nls_language=american;
 
alter database mount;
 
select * from v$database;
 
alter database open;
 
desc dictionary
 
select * from dict;
 
desc v$fixed_table;
 
select * from v$fixed_table;
 
set oracle_sid=foxconn
 
select * from dba_objects;
 
set serveroutput on
 
execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd');
 
############# 控制文件 ###########
 
select * from v$database;
 
select * from v$tablespace;
 
select * from v$logfile;
 
select * from v$log;
 
select * from v$backup;
 
/*備份用戶表空間*/
alter tablespace users begin backup;
 
select * from v$archived_log;
 
select * from v$controlfile;
 
alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',
'$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile;
 
cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl
 
startup pfile='../initSID.ora'
 
select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ;
 
show parameter control;
 
select * from v$controlfile_record_section;
 
select * from v$tempfile;
 
/*備份控制文件*/
alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';
 
/*備份控制文件，并將二進制控制文件變為了asc 的文本文件*/
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
 
############### redo log ##############
 
archive log list;
 
alter system archive log start;--啟動自動存檔
 
alter system switch logfile;--強行進行一次日志switch
 
alter system checkpoint;--強制進行一次checkpoint
 
alter tablspace users begin backup;
 
alter tablespace offline;
 
/*checkpoint 同步頻率參數FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步頻率越高，系統恢復所需時間越短*/
show parameter fast;
 
show parameter log_checkpoint;
 
/*加入一個日志組*/
alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M);
 
/*加入日志組的一個成員*/
alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3;
 
/*刪除日志組:當前日志組不能刪；活動的日志組不能刪；非歸檔的日志組不能刪*/
alter database drop logfile group 3;
 
/*刪除日志組中的某個成員，但每個組的最后一個成員不能被刪除*/
alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
 
/*清除在線日志*/
alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
 
alter database clear logfile group 3;
 
/*清除非歸檔日志*/
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;
 
/*重命名日志文件*/
alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';
 
show parameter db_create;
 
alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';
 
select * from v$log;
 
select * from v$logfile;
 
/*數據庫歸檔模式到非歸檔模式的互換,要啟動到mount狀態下才能改變;startup mount;然后再打開數據庫.*/
alter database noarchivelog/archivelog;
 
achive log start;---啟動自動歸檔
 
alter system archive all;－－手工歸檔所有日志文件
 
select * from v$archived_log;
 
show parameter log_archive;
 
###### 分析日志文件logmnr ##############
 
1) 在init.ora中set utl_file_dir 參數
2) 重新啟動oracle
3) create 目錄文件
desc dbms_logmnr_d;
dbms_logmnr_d.build;
4) 加入日志文件 add/remove log file
dhms_logmnr.add_logfile
dbms_logmnr.removefile
5) start logmnr
dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr
6) 分析出來的內容查詢 v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo
 
實踐：
 
desc dbms_logmnr_d;
 
/*對數據表做一些操作，為恢復操作做準備*/
update 表 set qty=10 where stor_id=6380;
 
delete 表 where stor_id=7066;
/***********************************/
utl_file_dir的路徑
execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump');
 
execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile);
 
execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora');
 
######### tablespace ##############
 
select * form v$tablespace;
 
select * from v$datafile;
 
/*表空間和數據文件的對應關系*/
select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;
 
alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M;
 
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
 
/*限制用戶在某表空間的使用限額*/
alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name;
 
create tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)];
 
exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M;
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease 10) offline;
/*9i以后，oracle建議使用local管理，而不使用dictionary管理，因為local采用bitmap管理表空間 ，不會產生系統表空間的自愿爭用;*/
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m;
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local autoallocate;
/*在創建表空間時，設置表空間內的段空間管理模式，這里用的是自動管理*/
create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto;
 
alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10;
 
alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20);
 
/*undo tablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下) */
create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extent management local;
 
show parameter undo;
 
/*temporary tablespace*/
create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local;
 
/*設置數據庫缺省的臨時表空間*/
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
 
/*系統/臨時/在線的undo表空間不能被offline*/
alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online;
 
alter tablespace tablespace_name read only;
 
/*重命名用戶表空間*/
alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
 
/*重命名系統表空間 ,但在重命名前必須將數據庫shutdown,并重啟到mount狀態*/
alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf';
 
drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce
 
/*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/
alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M;
 
/*resize datafile*/
alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m;
 
/*給表空間擴展空間*/
alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m;
 
/*將表空間設置成OMF狀態*/
alter system set db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata';
 
create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace;
 
drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace;
 
select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files;
 
/*將表的某分區移動到另一個表空間*/
alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;
 
###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships #########
 
/*手工分配表空間段的分區(extend)大小*/
alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf');
 
alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---釋放表中沒有用到的分區
 
show parameter db;
 
alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k塊的內存空間塊參數
 
select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace;
 
select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace;
 
/*數據對象所占用的字節數*/
select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where onwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name';
 
############ UNDO Data ################
 
show parameter undo;
 
alter tablespace users offline normal;
 
alter tablespace users offline immediate;
 
recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf';
 
alter tablespace users online ;
 
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
 
alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;
 
/*忽略回滾段的錯誤提示*/
alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true;
 
/*在自動管理模式下,不會真正建立rbs1;在手工管理模式則可以建立,且是私有回滾段*/
create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;
 
desc dbms_flashback;
 
/*在提交了修改的數據后,9i提供了舊數據的回閃操作,將修改前的數據只讀給用戶看,但這部分數據不會又恢復在表中,而是舊數據的一個映射*/
execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm');
 
execute dbms_flashback.disable;
 
/*回滾段的統計信息*/
select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;
 
/*undo表空間的大小計算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24)
UR :UNDO_RETENTION 保留的時間(秒)
UPS :每秒的回滾數據塊
DBS:系統EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/
 
select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;
 
show parameter transactions;
 
show parameter rollback;
 
/*在手工管理模式下,建立公共的回滾段*/
create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;
 
alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式
 
/*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定 undo_management=manual 、rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)、
transactions=100 、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10
然后 shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....\???.ora */
 
########## Managing Tables ###########
 
/*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes
rowid 是18位的64進制字符串 (10個bytes 80 bits)
rowid組成: object#(對象號)--32bits,6位
rfile#(相對文件號)--10bits,3位
block#(塊號)--22bits,6位
row#(行號)--16bits,3位
64進制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+ 共64個符號
 
dbms_rowid 包中的函數可以提供對rowid的解釋*/
 
select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name;
 
create table test2
(
id int,
lname varchar2(20) not null,
fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),
empdate date default sysdate)
) tablespace tablespace_name;
 
 
create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors;
 
create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;
 
alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage
 
/*手工分配分區,分配的數據文件必須是表所在表空間內的數據文件*/
alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');
 
/*釋放表中沒有用到的空間*/
alter table table_name deallocate unused;
 
alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;
 
/*將非分區表的表空間搬到新的表空間,在移動表空間后，原表中的索引對象將會不可用，必須重建*/
alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;
 
create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;
 
alter index index_name rebuild;
 
drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];
 
alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column
 
/*給表中不用的列做標記*/
alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
 
/*drop表中不用的做了標記列*/
alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
 
/*當在drop col是出現異常，使用CONTINUE，防止重刪前面的column*/
ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;
 
select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;
 
######## managing indexes ##########
 
/*create index*/
example:
/*創建一般索引*/
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*創建位圖索引*/
create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*索引中不能用pctused*/
create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;
/*大數據量的索引最好不要做日志*/
create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;
/*創建反轉索引*/
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;
/*創建函數索引*/
create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*建表時創建約束條件*/
create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name;
 
/*給創建bitmap index分配的內存空間參數，以加速建索引*/
show parameter create_bit;
 
/*改變索引的存儲參數*/
alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);
 
/*給索引手工分配一個分區*/
alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');
 
/*釋放索引中沒用的空間*/
alter index index_name deallocate unused;
 
/*索引重建*/
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;
 
/*普通索引和反轉索引的互換*/
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;
 
/*重建索引時，不鎖表*/
alter index index_name rebuild online;
 
/*給索引整理碎片*/
alter index index_name COALESCE;
 
/*分析索引,事實上是更新統計的過程*/
analyze index index_name validate structure;
 
desc index_state;
 
drop index index_name;
 
alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----監視索引是否被用到
 
alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消監視
 
/*有關索引信息的視圖*/
select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;
 
########## 數據完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ##########
 
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop 約束
 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----創建主鍵
 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---創建唯一約束
 
/*創建外鍵約束*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1);
 
/*不效驗老數據，只約束新的數據[enable/disable：約束/不約束新數據;novalidate/validate:不對/對老數據進行驗證]*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate;
 
/*修改約束條件，延時驗證，commit時驗證*/
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;
 
/*修改約束條件，立即驗證*/
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;
 
alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate;
 
/*drop一個有外鍵的主鍵表,帶cascade constraints參數級聯刪除*/
drop table table_name cascade constraints;
 
/*當truncate外鍵表時，先將外鍵設為無效，再truncate;*/
truncate table table_name;
 
/*設約束條件無效*/
alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name;
 
alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;
 
/*將無效約束的數據行放入exception的表中，此表記錄了違反數據約束的行的行號；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions;
 
/*運行創建exceptions表的腳本*/
start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;
 
/*獲取約束條件信息的表或視圖*/
select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;
 
################## managing password security and resources ####################
 
alter user user_name account unlock/open;----鎖定/打開用戶;
 
alter user user_name password expire;---設定口令到期
 
/*建立口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令輸多少次后鎖，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自動解鎖*/
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440;
/*創建口令配置文件*/
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5;
/*建立資源配置文件*/
create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
 
alter user user_name profile profile_name;
 
/*設置口令解鎖時間*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;
 
/*password_life_time指口令文件多少時間到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登錄后到口令到期有多少天時間可改變口令*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;
 
/*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天內可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次數*/
alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];
 
alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用戶口令
 
drop profile profile_name;
 
/*建立了profile后，且指定給某個用戶，則必須用CASCADE才能刪除*/
drop profile profile_name CASCADE;
 
alter system set resource_limit=true;---啟用自愿限制,缺省是false
 
/*配置資源參數*/
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5;
/*資源參數(session級)
cpu_per_session 每個session占用cpu的時間 單位1/100秒
sessions_per_user 允許每個用戶的并行session數
connect_time 允許連接的時間 單位分鐘
idle_time 連接被空閑多少時間后，被自動斷開 單位分鐘
logical_reads_per_session 讀塊數
***_sga 用戶能夠在SGA中使用的私有的空間數 單位bytes
 
(call級)
cpu_per_call 每次(1/100秒)調用cpu的時間
logical_reads_per_call 每次調用能夠讀的塊數
*/
 
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;
 
desc dbms_resouce_manager;---資源管理器包
 
/*獲取資源信息的表或視圖*/
select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;
 
###### Managing users ############
 
show parameter os;
 
create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001;
 
grant connect,createtable to testuser1;
 
alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;
 
/*創建用戶*/
create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;
 
/*數據庫級設定缺省臨時表空間*/
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
 
/*制定數據庫級的缺省表空間*/
alter database default tablespace tablespace_name;
 
/*創建os級審核的用戶，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令對應的前綴,'OPS$'為此參數的值，此值可以任意設置*/
create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;
 
/*修改用戶使用表空間的限額,回滾表空間和臨時表空間不允許授予限額*/
alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name;
 
/*刪除用戶或刪除級聯用戶(用戶對象下有對象的要用CASCADE，將其下一些對象一起刪除)*/
drop user user_name [CASCADE];
 
/*每個用戶在哪些表空間下有些什么限額*/
desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';
 
/*改變用戶的缺省表空間*/
alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;
 
######### Managing Privileges #############
 
grant create table,create session to user_name;
 
grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;
 
/*授予權限語法,public 標識所有用戶,with admin option允許能將權限授予第三者的權限*/
grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];
 
select * from v$pwfile_users;
 
/*當 O7_dictionary_accessiblity參數為True時，標識select any table時，包括系統表也能select ,否則，不包含系統表;缺省為false*/
show parameter O7;
 
/*由于 O7_dictionary_accessiblity為靜態參數，不能動態改變，故加scope=spfile,下次啟動時才生效*/
alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;
 
/*授予對象中的某些字段的權限，如select 某表中的某些字段的權限*/
grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;
 
/*oracle不允許授予select某列的權限,但可以授insert ,update某列的權限*/
grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;
 
select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;
 
/*db/os/none 審計被記錄在 數據庫/操作系統/不審計 缺省是none*/
show parameter audit_trail;
 
/*啟動對表的select動作*/
audit select on user.table_name by session;
 
/*by session在每個session中發出command只記錄一次，by access則每個command都記錄*/
audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];
 
desc dbms_fga;---進一步設計，則可使用dbms_fgs包
 
/*取消審計*/
noaudit select on user.table_name;
 
/*查被審計信息*/
select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;
 
/*獲取審計記錄*/
select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;
 
########### Managing Role #################
 
create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;
 
create role role_name;
create role role_name identified by password;
create role role_name identified externally;
 
set role role_name ; ----激活role
set role role_name identified by password;
 
alter role role_name not identified;
alter role role_name identified by password;
alter role role_name identified externally;
 
grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION];
grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name;
grant role_name1 to role_name2;
 
/*建立default role,用戶登錄時，缺省激活default role*/
alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...;
alter user user_name default role all;
alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...;
alter user user_name default role none;
 
set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....;
set role all;
set role except role1,role2,...;
set role none;
 
revoke role_name from user_name;
revoke role_name from public;
 
drop role role_name;
 
select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;
 
########### Basic SQL SELECT ################
 
select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;
 
select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配單個字符
 
/*使用字符函數(右邊截取,字段中包含某個字符,左邊填充某字符到固定位數,右邊填充某字符到固定位數)*/
select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;
 
/*使用數字函數(往右/左幾位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/
select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;
 
/*使用日期函數(計算兩個日期間相差幾個星期,兩個日期間相隔幾個月,在某個月份上加幾個月,某個日期的下一個日期,
某日期所在月的最后的日期,對某個日期的月分四舍五入，對某個日期的月份進行取整)*/
select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate),
round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;
 
/*使用NULL函數(當expr1為空取expr2/當expr1為空取expr2,否則取expr3/當expr1=expr2返回空)*/
select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;
 
select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1
when '30' then column2*2.1
when '10' then column3/20
else column3
end as ttt
from table_name ; ------使用case函數
 
select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1
[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡兒連接
[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用兩個表中的同名列連接
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用兩個表中的同名列中的某一列或幾列連接
[JOIN table2
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] |
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相當于(+)=,=(+)連接,全外連接
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN語法;
 
example:
select col1,col2 from table1 t1
join table2 t2
on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1
join table3 t3
on t2.col1=t3.col3;
 
select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
 
select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
 
insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);
 
MERGE INTO table_name table1
USING table_name2 table2
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET
table1.col1=table2.col2,
table1.col2=table2.col3,
...
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并語句
 
##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################
 
alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column
 
alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----設置列無效，這個比較快。
alter table table_name drop unused columns;---刪除被設為無效的列
 
rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表
 
comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----給表放入注釋信息
 
create table table_name
(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20),
constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定義表中的約束條件
 
alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----創建主鍵
 
/*建立外鍵*/
create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));
 
alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');
 
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;
 
alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----級聯刪除主鍵
 
alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使約束暫時無效
 
/*刪除列，并級聯刪除此列下的約束條件*/
alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;
 
select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---約束條件相關視圖
 
############## Create Views #####################
 
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)]
AS subquery
[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]
[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------創建視圖的語法
 
example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------創建視圖
/*使用別名*/
Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name;
/*創建復雜視圖*/
Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),***g(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1;
/*當用update修改數據時，必須滿足視圖的col1>10的條件，不滿足則不能被改變.*/
Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option;
 
/*改變視圖的值.對于簡單視圖可以用update語法修改表數據，但復雜視圖則不一定能改。如使用了函數，group by ,distinct等的列*/
update view_name set col1=value1;
 
/*TOP-N分析*/
select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N;
 
/*找出某列三條最大值的記錄*/
example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3;
 
############# Other database Object ###############
 
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n]
[START WITH n]
[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]
[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]
[{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}]
[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----創建SEQUENCE
 
example:
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10
START WITH 120
MAXVALUE 9999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
 
select * from user_sequences ;---當前用戶下記錄sequence的視圖
 
select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用
 
alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20
MAXVALUE 999999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改變起始序號
 
drop sequence sequence_name; ----刪除sequence
 
CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------創建同義詞
 
DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----刪除同義詞
 
CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----創建DBLINK
 
select * from object_name@link_name; ----訪問遠程數據庫中的對象
 
/*union 操作，它將兩個集合的交集部分壓縮，并對數據排序*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
 
/*union all 操作，兩個集合的交集部分不壓縮，且不對數據排序*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
 
/*intersect 操作，求兩個集合的交集,它將對重復數據進行壓縮，且排序*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
 
/*minus 操作，集合減,它將壓縮兩個集合減后的重復記錄, 且對數據排序*/
select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
 
/*EXTRACT 抽取時間函數. 此例是抽取當前日期中的年*/
select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
/*EXTRACT 抽取時間函數. 此例是抽取當前日期中的月*/
select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
 
########################## 增強的 group by 子句 #########################
 
select [column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[H***ING h***ing_expression];
[ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字，對group by子句的各字段從右到左進行再聚合
 
example:
/*其結果看起來象對col1做小計*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2);
/*復合rollup表達式*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));
 
select [column,] group_function(column)...
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression]
[H***ING h***ing_expression];
[ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再對ROLLUP后的結果集從右到左再聚合
 
example:
/*其結果看起來象對col1做小計后，再對col2做小計，最后算總計*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/*復合rollup表達式*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2));
/*混合rollup,cube表達式*/
select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);
 
/*GROUPING(expr)函數，查看select語句種以何字段聚合，其取值為0或1*/
select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr)
from table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression]
[H***ING h***ing_expression];
[ORDER BY column];
 
example:
select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
 
/*grouping sets操作，對group by結果集先對col1求和，再對col2求和，最后將其結果集并在一起*/
select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));