如何讓你的程序運行的更快(1)之續(xù)---揭秘StringBuffer的capacity
馬嘉楠
2006-09-19
前幾天寫了一篇文章“
如何讓你的程序運行的更快(1)---String VS StringBuffer
”,文章在情景三中提到了如何通過“設(shè)置StringBuffer的容量來提升性能”,其中有個問題我沒有想明白,就是為什么StringBuffer的容量自動增加的時候是“2*舊值+2”呢?
雖然問題依然沒有解決,不過也發(fā)現(xiàn)了不少有趣的問題,在此和大家分享 。希望能讓你有所收獲,歡迎大家一起討論。
注:需要用到的函數(shù)說明:
capacity():Returns the current capacity of the String buffer.?
?????????????????????The capacity is the amount of storage available for newly inserted characters;??
??????????????????????beyond which an allocation will occur.
length():???Returns the length (character count) of this string buffer.
?
一.StringBuffer的默認capacity
例1:
StringBuffer?sb?
=
?
new
?StringBuffer();
System.out.println(
"
with?no?characters,?the?initial?capacity?of?StringBuffer?is?
"
?
+
?sb.capacity());
System.out.println(
"
and?the?length?of?the?StringBuffer?is?
"
?
+
?sb.length());
輸出:
with?no?characters,?the?initial?capacity?of?StringBuffer?is?
16
and?the?length?of?the?StringBuffer?is?
0
結(jié)論: StringBuffer的默認容量(capacity)為16
原因:
StringBuffer的默認構(gòu)造函數(shù)為
public
??StringBuffer()?{
??????
this
(
16
?);
}?
此時默認構(gòu)造函數(shù)又調(diào)用了StringBuffer的代參數(shù)的構(gòu)造函數(shù),設(shè)置字符串數(shù)組value長度為16,如下:
private
?
char
?value[];??????????????? //The?value?is?used?for?character?storage.
private
?
boolean
?shared;????????
//
A?flag?indicating?whether?the?buffer?is?shared
public
?StringBuffer(
int
?length)?{
??????value?
=
?
new
?
char
[length];
??????shared?
=
?
false
;
}
?
//
調(diào)用capacity()返回字符串數(shù)組value的長度,即StringBuffer的容量(capacity)
public
?
synchronized
?
int
?capacity()?{
??????return
?value.length;
}
二.用字符串初始化StringBuffer的內(nèi)容
在聲明一個StringBuffer變量的時候,用字符串進行初始化,容量會有變化么?
例2:
//
聲明并初始化
StringBuffer?sb1?
=
?
new
?StringBuffer(
"
hello?world
"
?);
System.out.println(
"
with?characters,?the?capacity?of?StringBuffer?is?
"
?
+
??sb1.capacity());
System.out.println(
"
but?the?length?of?the?StringBuffer?is?
"
?
+
?sb1.length());?

//
利用append()來設(shè)置StringBuffer的內(nèi)容
StringBuffer?sb11?
=
?
new
?StringBuffer();
sb11.append(
"
hello?world
"
);
System.out.println(
"
with?append(),?the?capacity?of?StringBuffer?is?
"
?
+
?sb11.capacity());
System.out.println(
"
but?the?length?of?the?StringBuffer?is?
"
?
+
?sb11.length());
兩者輸出結(jié)果會一樣么?
你一定認為,這不是顯然的么。用長度為11的字符串“hello world”進行初始化,其長度11小于StringBuffer的默認容量16。所以兩者結(jié)果都為capacity=16,length=11。
那么實際結(jié)果如何呢?
輸出:
with characters, the capacity of StringBuffer is 27
but the length of the StringBuffer is 11
with append(), the capacity of StringBuffer is 16
but the length of the StringBuffer is 11
疑問:
怎么第一種方法的StringBuffer的capacity是27(16+11)呢?
原因:
StringBuffer的帶參數(shù)的構(gòu)造函數(shù)
1?public
?StringBuffer(String?str)?{
2???????this(str.length()?+?16
);
3???????
append(str);
4?}
結(jié)論:
StringBuffer的capacity等于用來初始化的字符串長度(11)加上StringBuffer的默認容量(16),而不是我們想當然的在默認容量16中拿出11個來存放字符串“hello world”。
如果我們不設(shè)置StringBuffer的capacity,分別對兩者繼續(xù)追加字符串,任其自動增長,其容量增長如下:
第一種情況:27,56,114,230,462,926...,
第二種情況:16,34,70? ,142,286,574...,
(為什么容量增加會是這種規(guī)律,后面會做解釋)。
我想情況2節(jié)省空間的概率大一些,因為StringBuffer的capacity的增長比情況1慢,每次增加的空間小一些。
所以以后寫代碼的時候可以考慮使用第二種方法(使用StringBuffer的append()),特別是初始化字符串很長的情況。當然這會多寫一行代碼^+^:
三.StringBuffer的capacity變化
例3:
StringBuffer?sb3?
=
?
new
?StringBuffer();
for
(
int
?i
=
0
;?i
<
12
;?i
++
){
??????sb3.append(i);
}
System.out.println(
"
before?changed,?the?capacity?is?
"
?
+
?sb3.capacity());
System.out.println(
"
and?the?length?is?
"
?
+
?sb3.length());?
for
(
int
?i
=
0
;?i
<
10
;?i
++
){
??????sb3.append(i);
}
System.out.println(
"
first?time?increased,?the?capacity?is?
"
?
+
?sb3.capacity());
System.out.println(
"
and?the?length?is?
"
?
+
?sb3.length());?
for
(
int
?i
=
0
;?i
<
11
;?i
++
){
??????sb3.append(i);
}
System.out.println(
"
second?time?increased,?the?capacity?is?
"
?
+
?sb3.capacity());
System.out.println(
"
and?the?length?is?
"
?
+
?sb3.length());?
輸出:
before?changed,?the?capacity?is?
16
and?the?length?is?
14
first?time?increased,?the?capacity?is?
34
and?the?length?is?
24
second?time?increased,?the?capacity?is?
70
and?the?length?is?
36
?
奇怪,benfore changed怎么長度不是12而是14呢?哈哈,開始我也困惑了一下,仔細想想就會明白的,你可以輸出sb3看看System.out.println("the content of sb3 is " + sb3.toString());
結(jié)論:
capacity增長的規(guī)律為 (舊值+1)*2
原因:
StringBuffer的容量增加函數(shù)expandCapacity():
private
?
void
?expandCapacity(
int
?minimumCapacity)?{
int
?newCapacity?
=
?(value.length?
+
?
1
)?
*
?
2
;
if
?(newCapacity?
<
?
0
)?{
??????newCapacity?
=
?Integer.MAX_VALUE;
}?
else
?
if
?(minimumCapacity?
>
?newCapacity)?{
??????newCapacity?
=
?minimumCapacity;
}
?
char
?newValue[]?
=
?
new
?
char
[newCapacity];
System.arraycopy(value,?
0
,?newValue,?
0
,?count);
value?
=
?newValue;
shared?
=
?
false
;
}?
疑問:
為什么要(舊值+1)*2呢?
我自己的想法:
也許是考慮到value.length的值可能為0(初始化時設(shè)置StringBuffer的capactity為0).
或者考慮到溢出的情況?
但是可能是JVM的某些限制,我的機器數(shù)組最大可以設(shè)置為30931306,再大就報錯:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
30931306這個數(shù)字好奇怪
還有哪方面的考慮么?誰知道,能告訴我么?
四.StringBuffer的capacity只能大不能小
例5:
?1?StringBuffer?sb4?=?new
?StringBuffer();
?2?System.out.println("before?ensureCapacity(),?the?capacity?is?"?+
?sb4.capacity());
?3?sb4.ensureCapacity(10
);
?4?System.out.println("after?ensureCapacity(10),?the?capacity?is?"?+
?sb4.capacity());
?5?
????????
?6?System.out.print("now,?the?capacity?is?"?+?sb4.capacity()?+?",?"
);
?7?sb4.ensureCapacity(20
);
?8?System.out.println("after?ensureCapacity(20),?the?capacity?is?"?+
?sb4.capacity());
?9?
????????
10?System.out.print("now,?the?capacity?is?"?+?sb4.capacity()?+?",?"
);
11?sb4.ensureCapacity(80
);
12?System.out.println("after?ensureCapacity(80),?the?capacity?is?"?+?sb4.capacity());
輸出:
before?ensureCapacity(),?the?capacity?is?
16
after?ensureCapacity(
10
),?the?capacity?is?
16
now,?the?capacity?is?
16
,?after?ensureCapacity(
20
),?the?capacity?is?
34
now,?the?capacity?is?
34
,?after?ensureCapacity(
80
),?the?capacity?is?
80
結(jié)論:
當設(shè)置StringBuffer的容量
1、小于當前容量時,容量不變。
??????本例中,容量依然為16。
2、大于當前容量,并且小于(當前容量+1)*2,則容量變?yōu)?當前容量+1)*2。
??????本例中,16<20<(16+1)*2=34,所以容量為34。
3、大于當前容量,并且大于(當前容量+1)*2,則容量變?yōu)橛脩羲O(shè)置的容量。
??????本例中,80>16,80>(16+1)*2=34,所以容量為80。
原因:
函數(shù):ensureCapacity( )和 expandCapacity( )進行了控制
public
?
synchronized
?
void
?ensureCapacity(
int
?minimumCapacity)?{
??????
if
?(minimumCapacity?
>
?value.length)?{
//
當設(shè)置StringBuffer的容量小于當前容量時,容量不變。
????????????expandCapacity(minimumCapacity);
??????}
}
private
?
void
?expandCapacity(
int
?minimumCapacity)?{
??????int
?newCapacity?
=
?(value.length?
+
?
1
)?
*
?
2
;
??????if
?(newCapacity?
<
?
0
)?{
????????????newCapacity?
=
?Integer.MAX_VALUE;
??????}?
else
?
if
?(minimumCapacity?
>
?newCapacity)?{
??????//
當設(shè)置StringBuffer的容量大于(當前容量+1)*2,則容量變?yōu)橛脩羲O(shè)置的容量。
??????//
否則,容量為(當前容量+1)*2,即newCapacity
????????????newCapacity?
=
?minimumCapacity;
??????}
?
char
?newValue[]?
=
?
new
?
char
[newCapacity];
System.arraycopy(value,?
0
,?newValue,?
0
,?count);
value?
=
?newValue;
shared?
=
?
false
;
}?
?
注:
問一下
String str = String.valueOf(null);
System.out.println(str.length());
你們執(zhí)行的話會出錯么?
我的報錯,我的是jdk1.4
因為StringBuffer中的append(String str)函數(shù)中有這樣的語句,
public
?
synchronized
?StringBuffer?append(String?str)?{
if
?(str?
==
?
null
)?{
??????str?
=
?String.valueOf(str);
}
int
?len?
=
?str.length();
//
len有可能得負值么?
int
?newcount?
=
?count?
+
?len;
if
?(newcount?
>
?value.length)
expandCapacity(newcount);
str.getChars(
0
,?len,?value,?count);
count?
=
?newcount;
return
?
this
;
}
?
馬嘉楠
jianan.ma@gmail.com
posted on 2006-09-20 17:05
馬嘉楠 閱讀(2484)
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