英文語(yǔ)法拉雜談--介詞
 
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談?wù)劷樵~(Preposition)(一)

介詞在英語(yǔ)用詞里也屬于難纏的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目。因?yàn)樗婕胺矫婧軓V，而且變化多端，往
往令人捉摸不定，記起來(lái)很麻煩。因此就有有心人弄了一個(gè)《介詞口訣》來(lái)幫助學(xué)習(xí)者
；也有人寫(xiě)了《Preposition Song》令學(xué)習(xí)者一面唱歌一面輕松地記憶介詞的用法。

介詞英文叫作Preposition (簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)prep)，它由pre和position組成，pre是前面的意
思，而position是位置的意思。因此以前中文譯作“前置詞”，就是一種放在名詞(或
相當(dāng)于名詞的詞語(yǔ))前面的虛詞。

一、常用的介詞

about,above,across,after,against,around,at,
before,behind,below,beneath,beside,besides,between,beyond,by,
down,during,
except,
for,from,
in,inside,into,
like,
near,
of,off,on,out,outside,over,
since,
through,throughout,till,to,toward,
under,until,up,upon,
with,without,
according to,
because of,
by way of,
in addition to,
in front of,
in place of,
in regard to,
in spite of,
instead of,
on account of,
out of.

哇，這么一大堆！別怕別怕，大部份的介詞都不難理解，比較令人頭痛的只是下列幾個(gè)
：

at, by, to,　in,　for,　of,　on,　from,　with

其中又以 at, by, in, on 為四大“要犯"！學(xué)習(xí)介詞就是要抓住這幾"要犯"，看招
吧，嘿嘿!!

這回就談到這里吧，噢，對(duì)了，下回就讓我們先來(lái)一道《Preposition Song》洋餐吧。

談?wù)劷樵~(Preposition)(二)

二、Preposition Song (括號(hào)內(nèi)是一部份介詞用法提示，是我加的)
(本曲找不到原譜，但你可以自己配上適當(dāng)?shù)摹Ｈ缦旅婧?jiǎn)單曲子就是例子：
3212/333-/222-/333-/3212/333-/2232/111-//)

1. In the summer at the seaside (季節(jié)用in, 在海邊用at)
On the coast we like it fine　(在海岸用on)
but in winter ,yes ,at Christmas　(在圣誕用at)
By the fireside we recline (放置)　(在爐邊用by)

2. In July we went to Kenya　(月份用in)
Stayed in Lamu by the sea,　(住在Lamu用in)
We came back to Tanzania
Then across Victoria sea

3. Did you come here in a taxi?　(乘出租汽車(chē)用in)
Or by bus, or on the train?　(乘公共汽車(chē)用by, 乘火車(chē)用on)
Did you come on foot this evening　(步行用on)
Or perhaps by aeroplane?　(乘飛機(jī)用by)

4. Will you come to tea on Monday?　(在星期一用on)
I′ll be home at half past three　(時(shí)間三點(diǎn)半用at)
Yes, I′ll stay for half an hour　(長(zhǎng)達(dá)半小時(shí)用for)
if you buy some beer for me　(給我for me)

5. In the morning I drink coffee　(早晨用in the morning)
In the afternoon there′s tea　(下午用in the afternoon)
In the evening I have cocoa　(傍晚用in the evening)
Yes, at night ,it′s good for me.　(晚上用at night)

6. Where′s my pencil?In the kitchen　(廚房里in the kitchen)
On the table near the chair　(在桌上on the table, 在椅邊near the chair)
Underneath the cup and saucer　(在杯和碟的下面 underneath...)
Just behind the teapot there　(在茶壺后邊behind...)

7. Can you tell me how to get to
Mr. Johnson′s coffee-bar?
Down the street and round the corner (down the street 沿著街道,round...繞過(guò))
Past the church and there you are

8. Where′s the bookshop? Over there,dear (over there 那里)
First turn left,then go straight on,
Along the road,across the market　(沿著路along the road, 穿過(guò)市場(chǎng) across...)
It′s in front of you, dear John　(在你前面 in front of you)

9. There is nothing on the radio　(廣播on the radio)
"Songs with orchestra" they said.　(with后orchestra為有形物,無(wú)形物則用by)
I′m not interested in music　(interested in 興趣于)
so I think I′ll go to bed

10. In a moment I′ll be finished　(in a moment 片刻里)
With these prepositions-so
I will say to you in English
till the next time, cheerio (加油呀) (till... 直到)

怎樣？唱完十段歌詞，你就學(xué)到許多介詞用法嘍。其中包括四大“要犯”at, by, in,
on。另外再加上許多蟲(chóng)蟲(chóng)蟻蟻，有的還得勞駕找一找喔，呵呵。
大家多唱幾遍，下回我們?cè)僖?jiàn)時(shí)，你就更加胸有成“介”了，哈哈。

談?wù)劷樵~(Preposition)(三)

這里提供一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)介詞at, in, on 的幻燈片文件(PowerPoint)，可供初學(xué)者使用。其
內(nèi)容包括有關(guān)介詞用法課文、通過(guò)歌曲學(xué)介詞、通過(guò)一個(gè)請(qǐng)柬學(xué)習(xí)介詞、測(cè)驗(yàn)題。其中
所有中文都是我附上的。

為了配合這個(gè)幻燈片所介紹的三個(gè)介詞：at, in, on，下面我們較深入地介紹它們(附
帶談by) 的用法。

二、介詞at, in, on, by 表示地方、地點(diǎn)、位置:

2.1　at 把地方、地點(diǎn)、位置當(dāng)作一個(gè)“點(diǎn)”：

1.　 The begger is sitting at the corner.　 那乞丐坐在角落里。
2.　 Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.　 Jane在巴士站等你。
3.　 at home 在家
4.　 Who's standing there at the door?　 誰(shuí)站在門(mén)口？
5.　 at the top of the page 在一頁(yè)的上面
6.　 The shop is at the end of the road. 那商店就在路的尾端。
7.　 at the entrance 在進(jìn)口處
8.　 at the crossroads 在十字路口
9.　 When will you arrive at the office?　你什么時(shí)候會(huì)到公司呢？
10.　 I'm in France, at Paris. 我住在法國(guó)巴黎。(相對(duì)法國(guó)來(lái)講，巴黎只是一個(gè)
“點(diǎn)”)
11.　 There is a small hut at the foot of the hill.　山腳下有一座小屋子。
12.　 My aunt lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.
　　　 我的姑媽住在Durham,Boretz 路門(mén)牌55號(hào)。(地址要用at，不能用in)
13.　 at the side 在一邊
14.　 at reception 在招待會(huì)上
15.　 I'm at work.　我在工作。
16.　 at class/ home/ the library/ the office/ school 在班上/家里/圖書(shū)館/公
司/學(xué)校

2.2　in 把地方、地點(diǎn)、位置當(dāng)作一個(gè)范圍或一個(gè)封閉的空間：

1. I live in London. 我住在倫敦。(大城市用in)
2. I live in England, at London.　我住在英國(guó)倫敦。(England大過(guò)London喔)
3. I live in a big city, my sister lives at a small town. 我住在大城市，我
姐姐住在一個(gè)小市鎮(zhèn)。(如果把city看做一個(gè)圓圈，small town就成一個(gè)點(diǎn)。因此就in
a city, at a small town. 呵呵)
4. We have a meeting in Beijing.　我們有北京有一個(gè)會(huì)議。
5. Mars is in the Solar System. 火星在太陽(yáng)系里。
6. in a car　乘汽車(chē) (不是 on a car 也不是 by a car　喔)
7. in a taxi 乘的士 (不是 on a taxi 或 by a taxi )
8. in a　helicopter　乘直升機(jī)
9. in a boat　乘小船
10. in a lift (elevator)　乘電梯 (電梯像個(gè)籠子，當(dāng)然要用 in 啦)
11. in the newspaper 在報(bào)上
12. in the sky　在空中
13. in the bed 在床上 (也可用 on the bed)
14. in the bedroom/ class/ library/ school　在寢室/課室/圖書(shū)館/學(xué)校

2.3　 on 把地方、地點(diǎn)、位置當(dāng)作一個(gè)平面：

1. The author's name is on the cover of the book. 在書(shū)的封面上有作者的名
字。
2. There are no prices on this menu. 在這菜單上沒(méi)有價(jià)錢(qián)。
3. You are standing on my foot. 你踏到我的腳了。
4. There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.　在那墻上有個(gè)“不準(zhǔn)吸煙”的牌
子。
5. I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London. 我住在倫敦牛津街
21號(hào)八樓。(7th floor 就是八樓；注意句中的 on, at, in 的用法)
6. on a bus 乘巴士 (不是 in a bus 喔)
7. on a train 乘火車(chē) (可想像“騎”在火車(chē)上，哈哈)
8. on a plane 乘飛機(jī) (可想像“騎”在飛機(jī)上)
9. on a ship　 乘輪船
10. on a bicycle, on a motorbike 騎自行車(chē)/摩托車(chē)
11. on a horse, on an elephant 騎馬/象
12. on the radio, on television 聽(tīng)廣播、看電視
13. on the left, on the right　在左邊、在右邊
14. on the way　在路上
15. on the bed　在床上 (也可用 in the bed)
16. on the ceiling 在天花板上
17. on the floor 在地板上

2.4　　by 用在表示位置(有在旁、貼近、靠近之意)：

1.　by the fire　在爐邊
2.　by the seaside　在海邊
3.　a path by the river　沿河道路
4.　by the nearest road　 走近路

我想要記憶介詞的用法，就得用一點(diǎn)想象力加以聯(lián)想。如：at home, at the door, at
the corner等等，可想象“at家門(mén)口的角落里”。再比如: in Beijing, in a car, in
a taxi, in a boat, in a　helicopter, in the sky ... 可想象為“In 北京，乘汽
車(chē)，乘的士，再乘小船，乘上直升機(jī)在空中飛”。

下回我們將要談的是 at, in, on 用來(lái)表示時(shí)間的方面。再會(huì)！

談?wù)劷樵~(Preposition)(四)

三、at, in, on, by 用來(lái)表示時(shí)間

3.1　 at (在、于)用指明一特定的時(shí)間、節(jié)日、年齡：

1. at dawn/ at night/　at noon/　at midnight　/at daybreak
　　在黎明/在夜里/在中午/在午夜/在日出時(shí)

2. I go to school at seven in the morning.　(at seven) 我早上七點(diǎn)鐘去上學(xué)。

3. at half past five (五點(diǎn)過(guò)半小時(shí)) 在五點(diǎn)半

4. at a quarter to seven (過(guò)四分之一小時(shí)就到七點(diǎn)) 六點(diǎn)四十五分

5. The train is due at 12.15 p.m.　(at 12.15p.m.)
　　那班火車(chē)的到站時(shí)間是12點(diǎn)15分。

6. at　mid-autumn festival/　at Christmas　/ at Spring Festival
　　在中秋節(jié)/ 在圣誕節(jié) /在春節(jié)

7. at forty 在四十歲時(shí)

3.2　 in (在、在…之內(nèi)、在…期間、在…后、過(guò)…后)
　　　指明：天、年、月、季節(jié)、周次：

1.　in the morning 在早上 (不可說(shuō)at the morining。鬼才知道為什么不可用at，
大約因?yàn)閍t 沒(méi)有“在…期間”的意思吧 )

2. in the afternoon 在下午 (在下午這段期間，呵呵,舉一反三喔)

3. She likes to work in the evening. (或in the night) 她喜歡在晚上工作。

4. in the day time 在白天

5. in 2002　 (2002可讀作two thousand two) 在2002年

6. He's to quit in May. (in May)他在五月就辭職了。

7. He went to Tokyo in June 2002.　(in June 2002)他于2002年六月去東京。

8. in the second week of July　在七月份的第二周

9. It's too cold in winter to run outside.　(in winter) 冬天里出外跑步是太
冷了。

10. in two months　在兩個(gè)月內(nèi)

11. in those days　在當(dāng)時(shí)

3.3　on (在…時(shí)、在(某日)、在某日早/午/晚、當(dāng)…時(shí)候、和…同時(shí)、剛一…)指明：
日子、日期、星期加上早午晚

1. on the first　在一號(hào)(指某月一號(hào),如二號(hào)要說(shuō)second等。其實(shí)意思是指某月的第
幾天)

2. We're having a party on the fifth of June. (或 on June the fifth)
　　我們會(huì)在六月五日舉行一個(gè)晚會(huì)。

3. on July the third 1990　在1990年7月3日

4. My brother is coming on Sunday. (on Sunday) 我的哥哥會(huì)在星期天來(lái)。

5. on Sunday morning /afternoon 在星期天早上/下午

6. on Friday evening 在星期五晚上

7. on the next morning　隔天早上

8. on the following afternoon　在下一個(gè)傍晚

9. on the night before　在前一個(gè)晚上

10.on the morning of 5th　在五號(hào)的早上
(你可能會(huì)說(shuō)為什么不是in the morning? 如果你把morning of 抽掉,就可看出原來(lái)是
on the 5th嘍。morning 也可換成evening, afternoon)

11. on the afternoon of his birthday
　　　　　　　　　　　 在他生日那天下午 (on the afternoon 不可用 in...，同
上)

3.4　by (的時(shí)候、到、等到…已經(jīng)) 用在天、時(shí)間：

1. by day 白天(的時(shí)候)

2. by 2 o'clock　到兩點(diǎn)鐘

3. by this time　等到現(xiàn)在(已經(jīng))…

4. miss by a minute　遲一分鐘

要記住這些規(guī)則，可以用上回我們提到的“聯(lián)想法”。加油喔！再會(huì)。

談?wù)劷樵~(Preposition)(五)

四、for, since 用于表示時(shí)間：

4.1 我們用 for 用計(jì)量時(shí)間(年、月、日、時(shí)、分、秒等)

1. He held his breath for five minutes.　他閉息達(dá)五分鐘。

2. She's lived there for ten years.　她住在那里已有十年。

3. The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.
　　英國(guó)人和愛(ài)爾蘭人之間的爭(zhēng)吵已有七個(gè)世紀(jì)了。

4.2　我們用 since 表示明確的日期或時(shí)間：

1. He's woked here since 1980.　自從1970年他就在此工作。

2. She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.
　　自?xún)牲c(diǎn)半她就坐在等候室了。

五、表示動(dòng)作的介詞：to ,toward或不用介詞：

5.1 我們用 to 表示向某處移動(dòng)：

1. They were driving to work together.　他們一同開(kāi)車(chē)去工作。

2. She's going to the destist's office this morning. 今早她去看牙醫(yī)。

5.2　toward 表示移向某處：

1. We're moving toward the light.　我們向燈光處移動(dòng)。

2. This is a big step towards the project's completion.
　　這是對(duì)于工程的完成前進(jìn)了一大步。

5.3 不需要介詞的詞：home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs,
upstairs ...

1.　Grandma went upstairs.

2.　Rama went home.

3.　She came inside.

六、介詞與名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞的組合：
　　在英語(yǔ)里介詞有時(shí)和其他的字緊密地組合在一起，可以當(dāng)作一個(gè)詞來(lái)看待。這種組
合很多，需要平時(shí)多加注意。

6.1 名詞+介詞：

1.　approval of 批準(zhǔn)
2.　awareness of 意識(shí)到
3.　grasp of　把握住
4.　hatred of 憎惡
5.　desire for 要求、愿望
6.　fondness for 愛(ài)好 (I've a fondness for collecting stamps.)
7.　hope for 希望、期待 (hope for the best 樂(lè)觀)
8.　need for 必要 (There is no need for hurrying.)
9.　reason for 有必須……的理由 (have reason for...)
10. respect for 尊敬 (have respect for...)
11. belief in　信任于
12. interest in 對(duì)……有興趣
13. success in 成功、成就

6.2　形容詞 + 介詞：

1.　afraid of (He is not afraid of anything.)
2.　aware of　覺(jué)得
3.　capable of 能 (The tank is capable of holding 8 kg. of water.)
4.　fond of　喜愛(ài) (He's fond of fishing.)
5.　jealous of　嫉妒于
6.　made of 用……制成的
7.　proud of 對(duì)……感覺(jué)光榮 (I'm proud of his acquaintance. 認(rèn)識(shí)他是我的光
榮。)
8.　sure of 確信 (You may be sure of his honesty.)
9.　tired of　厭倦的
10. careless about 不關(guān)心、不重視
11. worried about 自找煩惱
12. familiar with　熟悉于、精通于
13. interested in 興趣于
14. sorry for　懊悔、覺(jué)得過(guò)意不去 (You will be sorry for this some day.)

6.3　動(dòng)詞 + 介詞：(這類(lèi)組合特別多。要特別注意同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞配上不同的介詞，意思
就不同了)

1.　care about 關(guān)心 (He doesn't care about other people. 他不關(guān)心別人。)

2.　care for 喜歡 (Would you care for a cup of coffee? 你喜歡來(lái)杯咖啡嗎？)

3. take care of　照顧 (Take care of yourseft. 照顧自己喔。)

4. dream about 夢(mèng)到 (I dreamt about you last night. 昨晚我夢(mèng)到你。)

5. dream of 夢(mèng)想 (I often dream of being rich. 我時(shí)常夢(mèng)想發(fā)達(dá)了。)

6. hear about 聽(tīng)到關(guān)于……的詳情 (Have you hear about Jane? )

7. hear of　聽(tīng)到……的事/話(huà) (Have you heard of a place called 'Mulu'?)

8. hear from 得到……的消息 (Have you heard from Ann recently?)

9. look at 注視、考察(Why you look at me like that?)

10. look for 找、指望 (Can you help me look for my keys?)

11. look after　照應(yīng)、看守 (She is ill, she needs someone to look after
her.)

12. think about　思索、考慮 (What are you thinking about?)

13. think of 想起、企圖 (He told me his name but I can't think of it now.)

七、多余的介詞：(不必加上介詞的地方就不要隨意加上,括號(hào)內(nèi)的介詞須去掉)

1. She met (up with) the new coach in the hallway.

2. The book fell off (of) the desk.

3. He threw the book out (of) the window.

4. She wouldn't let the cat inside (of) the house.

5. Where did they go (to)?

6. Where is your college (at)?

八、句子里并列的介詞：

8.1　如并列的介詞相同，可去其一：(括號(hào)里的介詞刪去)

1.　You can wear that outfit in summer and (in) winter.

2.　The female was both attracted (by)(被吸引) and distracted by(使分心)
the male's dance.

8.2　如并列的介詞不相同，相關(guān)的介詞必需列出：

1. The children were interested in and disgusted by the movie. (interested
in感興趣 / disgusted by討厭)

2. It was clear that this player could both contribute to and learn from
every game he played. (contribute to付出 /　learn from 從…學(xué)習(xí))

3. He was fascinated by and enamored of this beguiling woman. (fascinated
by被迷住 / enamored of 傾心的)

英文介詞實(shí)在是太多了，舉不勝舉。有興趣的可找一本介詞詞典研究一番，也許有朝一
日能成為介詞專(zhuān)家也說(shuō)不定喔。