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			 oracle常用命令(我的筆記)
		
    
		oracle里常用命令第一章：日志管理 
    

    
1.forcing log switches 
    
sql> alter system switch logfile;
    
2.forcing checkpoints 
    
sql> alter system checkpoint; 
    
3.adding online redo log groups 
    
sql> alter database add logfile [group 4] 
    
sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m; 
    
4.adding online redo log members 
    
sql> alter database add logfile member 
    
sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1, 
    
sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2; 
    
5.changes the name of the online redo logfile 
    
sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log' 
    
sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log'; 
    
6.drop online redo log groups 
    
sql> alter database drop logfile group 3; 
    
7.drop online redo log members 
    
sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log'; 
    
8.clearing online redo log files 
    
sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo'; 
    
9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles 
    
a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' ' 
    
b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:\oracle\oradb\log'); 
    
c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log', 
    
sql> dbms_logmnr.new); 
    
d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log', 
    
sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile); 
    
e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora'); 
    
f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters 
    
sql> v$logmnr_logs); 
    
g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr; 
    

    
第二章：表空間管理 
    
1.create tablespaces 
    
sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf' size 100m, 
    
sql> 'c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging] 
    
sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0) 
    
sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause] 
    
2.locally managed tablespace 
    
sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf' 
    
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m; 
    
3.temporary tablespace 
    
sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf' 
    
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m; 
    
4.change the storage setting 
    
sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m; 
    
sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999); 
    
5.taking tablespace offline or online 
    
sql> alter tablespace app_data offline; 
    
sql> alter tablespace app_data online; 
    
6.read_only tablespace 
    
sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write; 
    
7.droping tablespace 
    
sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents; 
    
8.enableing automatic extension of data files 
    
sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf' size 200m 
    
sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m; 
    
9.change the size fo data files manually 
    
sql> alter database datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' resize 200m; 
    
10.Moving data files: alter tablespace 
    
sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' 
    
sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf'; 
    
11.moving data files:alter database 
    
sql> alter database rename file 'c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf' 
    
sql> to 'c:\oracle\app_data.dbf'; 
    

    
第三章：表 
    

    
1.create a table 
    
sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....) 
    
sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer] 
    
sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer] 
    
sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) 
    
sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache] 
    
2.copy an existing table 
    
sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery 
    
3.create temporary table 
    
sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay; 
    
on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows 
    
4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size 
    
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space) 
    
5.change storage and block utilization parameter 
    
sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k 
    
sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100); 
    
6.manually allocating extents 
    
sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf'); 
    
7.move tablespace 
    
sql> alter table employee move tablespace users; 
    
8.deallocate of unused space 
    
sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer] 
    
9.truncate a table 
    
sql> truncate table table_name; 
    
10.drop a table 
    
sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints]; 
    
11.drop a column 
    
sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000; 
    
alter table table_name drop columns continue; 
    
12.mark a column as unused 
    
sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints; 
    
alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; 
    
alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000 
    
data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs 
    

    
第四章：索引 
    

    
1.creating function-based indexes 
    
sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped); 
    
2.create a B-tree index 
    
sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace 
    
sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer] 
    
sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 
    
sql> maxextents 50); 
    
3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows 
    
4.creating reverse key indexes 
    
sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k 
    
sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx; 
    
5.create bitmap index 
    
sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k 
    
sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx; 
    
6.change storage parameter of index 
    
sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100); 
    
7.allocating index space 
    
sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf'); 
    
8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused; 
    

    
第五章：約束 
    

    
1.define constraints as immediate or deferred 
    
sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default; 
    
set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred; 
    
2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints 
    
sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints 
    
3. define constraints while create a table 
    
sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable 
    
sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx); 
    
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check 
    
4.enable constraints 
    
sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id; 
    
5.enable constraints 
    
sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id; 
    

    
第六章：LOAD數(shù)據(jù) 
    

    
1.loading data using direct_load insert 
    
sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging 
    
sql> select * from emp_old; 
    
2.parallel direct-load insert 
    
sql> alter session enable parallel dml; 
    
sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging 
    
sql> select * from emp_old; 
    
3.using sql*loader 
    
sql> sqlldr scott/tiger \ 
    
sql> control = ulcase6.ctl \ 
    
sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true 
    

    
第七章：reorganizing data 
    

    
1.using expoty 
    
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y 
    
2.using import 
    
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y 
    
3.transporting a tablespace 
    
sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only; 
    
$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts 
    
triggers=n constraints=n 
    
$copy datafile 
    
$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2 
    
/sles02.dbf) 
    
sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write; 
    
4.checking transport set 
    
sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true); 
    
在表transport_set_violations 中查看 
    
sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 為true 是， 表示自包含 
    

    
第八章： managing password security and resources 
    

    
1.controlling account lock and password 
    
sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock; 
    
2.user_provided password function 
    
sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30), 
    
old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean 
    
3.create a profile : password setting 
    
sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3 
    
sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 
    
sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function 
    
sql> password_grace_time 5; 
    
4.altering a profile 
    
sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3 
    
sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10; 
    
5.drop a profile 
    
sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade]; 
    
6.create a profile : resource limit 
    
sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2 
    
sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 
    
7. view => resource_cost : alter resource cost 
    
dba_Users,dba_profiles 
    
8. enable resource limits 
    
sql> alter system set resource_limit=true; 
    

    
第九章：Managing users 
    

    
1.create a user: database authentication 
    
sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users 
    
sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire 
    
sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default]; 
    
2.change user quota on tablespace 
    
sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users; 
    
3.drop a user 
    
sql> drop user juncky [cascade]; 
    
4. monitor user 
    
view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas 
    

    
第十章：managing privileges 
    

    
1.system privileges: view => system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs 
    
2.grant system privilege 
    
sql> grant create session,create table to managers; 
    
sql> grant create session to scott with admin option; 
    
with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role; 
    
3.sysdba and sysoper privileges: 
    
sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile, 
    
alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database 
    
alter database archivelog,restricted session 
    
sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until 
    
4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users 
    
5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema 
    
6.revoke system privilege 
    
sql> revoke create table from karen; 
    
sql> revoke create session from scott; 
    
7.grant object privilege 
    
sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public; 
    
sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option; 
    
8.display object privilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs 
    
9.revoke object privilege 
    
sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints]; 
    
10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$ 
    
11. protecting the audit trail 
    
sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access; 
    
12.statement auditing 
    
sql> audit user; 
    
13.privilege auditing 
    
sql> audit select any table by summit by access; 
    
14.schema object auditing 
    
sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful; 
    
15.view audit option : view=> all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts 
    
16.view audit result: view=> dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement 
    

    
第十一章： manager role 
    

    
1.create roles 
    
sql> create role sales_clerk; 
    
sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus; 
    
sql> create role hr_manager identified externally; 
    
2.modify role 
    
sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission; 
    
sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally; 
    
sql> alter role hr_manager not identified; 
    
3.assigning roles 
    
sql> grant sales_clerk to scott; 
    
sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager; 
    
sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option; 
    
4.establish default role 
    
sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk; 
    
sql> alter user scott default role all; 
    
sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk; 
    
sql> alter user scott default role none; 
    
5.enable and disable roles 
    
sql> set role hr_clerk; 
    
sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission; 
    
sql> set role all except sales_clerk; 
    
sql> set role none; 
    
6.remove role from user 
    
sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott; 
    
sql> revoke hr_manager from public; 
    
7.remove role 
    
sql> drop role hr_manager; 
    
8.display role information 
    
view: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles 
    

    
第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY 
    

    
1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat 
    
2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size 
    
3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback 
    
> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions 
    
4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog) 
    
> shutdown immediate 
    
> cp files /backup/ 
    
> startup 
    
5.restore to a different location 
    
> connect system/manager as sysdba 
    
> startup mount 
    
> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf'; 
    
> alter database open; 
    
6.recover syntax 
    
--recover a mounted database 
    
>recover database; 
    
>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf'; 
    
>alter database recover database; 
    
--recover an opened database 
    
>recover tablespace user_data; 
    
>recover datafile 2; 
    
>alter database recover datafile 2; 
    
7.how to apply redo log files automatically 
    
>set autorecovery on 
    
>recover automatic datafile 4; 
    
8.complete recovery: 
    
--method 1(mounted databae) 
    
>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf 
    
>startup mount 
    
>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf; 
    
>alter database open; 
    
--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile) 
    
>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline) 
    
>recover datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' or 
    
>recover tablespace user_data; 
    
>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' online or 
    
>alter tablespace user_data online; 
    
--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile) 
    
>startup mount 
    
>alter database datafile 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' offline; 
    
>alter database open 
    
>copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf 
    
>alter database rename file 'c:\oradata\user.dbf' to 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' 
    
>recover datafile 'e:\oradata\user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data; 
    
>alter tablespace user_data online; 
    
--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log) 
    
>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate; 
    
>alter database create datafile 'd:\oradata\user.dbf' as 'c:\oradata\user.dbf'' 
    
>recover tablespace user_data; 
    
>alter tablespace user_data online 
    
5.perform an open database backup 
    
> alter tablespace user_data begin backup; 
    
> copy files /backup/ 
    
> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup; 
    
> alter system switch logfile; 
    
6.backup a control file 
    
> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp'; 
    
> alter database backup controlfile to trace; 
    
7.recovery (noarchivelog mode) 
    
> shutdown abort 
    
> cp files 
    
> startup 
    
8.recovery of file in backup mode 
    
>alter database datafile 2 end backup; 
    
9.clearing redo log file 
    
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1; 
    
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile; 
    
10.redo log recovery 
    
>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:\oradata\redo03.log' size 1000k; 
    
>alter database drop logfile group 1; 
    
>alter database open; 
    
or >cp c:\oradata\redo02.log' c:\oradata\redo01.log 
    
>alter database clear logfile 'c:\oradata\log01.log';    
		
    
			posted on 2006-03-13 21:01 Vincent.Chen 閱讀(257) 評論(0)  編輯  收藏  所屬分類: Database 
		
    
	
    
	
	


	


    
	    
    




    








    

				

    




    







    
        
	



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