
張黃矚 , 軟件工程師
2006 年 1 月 18 日
Java5
增加了新的類庫并發(fā)集java.util.concurrent,該類庫為并發(fā)程序提供了豐富的API多線程編程在Java
5中更加容易,靈活。本文通過一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器模型,來實(shí)踐Java5的多線程編程,該模型中使用了Java5中的線程池,阻塞隊(duì)列,可重入鎖等,還實(shí)踐了
Callable, Future等接口,并使用了Java 5的另外一個新特性泛型。
簡介
本文將實(shí)現(xiàn)一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器模型,一旦有客戶端連接到該服務(wù)器,則啟動一個新線程為該連接服務(wù),服務(wù)內(nèi)容為往客戶端輸送一些字符信息。一個典型的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器模型如下:
1. 建立監(jiān)聽端口。
2. 發(fā)現(xiàn)有新連接,接受連接,啟動線程,執(zhí)行服務(wù)線程。
3. 服務(wù)完畢,關(guān)閉線程。
這
個模型在大部分情況下運(yùn)行良好,但是需要頻繁的處理用戶請求而每次請求需要的服務(wù)又是簡短的時候,系統(tǒng)會將大量的時間花費(fèi)在線程的創(chuàng)建銷毀。Java
5的線程池克服了這些缺點(diǎn)。通過對重用線程來執(zhí)行多個任務(wù),避免了頻繁線程的創(chuàng)建與銷毀開銷,使得服務(wù)器的性能方面得到很大提高。因此,本文的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器
模型將如下:
1. 建立監(jiān)聽端口,創(chuàng)建線程池。
2. 發(fā)現(xiàn)有新連接,使用線程池來執(zhí)行服務(wù)任務(wù)。
3. 服務(wù)完畢,釋放線程到線程池。
下面詳細(xì)介紹如何使用Java 5的concurrent包提供的API來實(shí)現(xiàn)該服務(wù)器。
初始化
初
始化包括創(chuàng)建線程池以及初始化監(jiān)聽端口。
創(chuàng)建線程池可以通過調(diào)用java.util.concurrent.Executors類里的靜態(tài)方法newChahedThreadPool或是
newFixedThreadPool來創(chuàng)建,也可以通過新建一個java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor實(shí)例
來執(zhí)行任務(wù)。這里我們采用newFixedThreadPool方法來建立線程池。
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
表示新建了一個線程池,線程池里面有10個線程為任務(wù)隊(duì)列服務(wù)。
使用ServerSocket對象來初始化監(jiān)聽端口。
private static final int PORT = 19527; serverListenSocket = new ServerSocket(PORT); serverListenSocket.setReuseAddress(true); serverListenSocket.setReuseAddress(true);
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服務(wù)新連接
當(dāng)有新連接建立時,accept返回時,將服務(wù)任務(wù)提交給線程池執(zhí)行。
while(true){ Socket socket = serverListenSocket.accept(); pool.execute(new ServiceThread(socket));
}
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這里使用線程池對象來執(zhí)行線程,減少了每次線程創(chuàng)建和銷毀的開銷。任務(wù)執(zhí)行完畢,線程釋放到線程池。
服務(wù)任務(wù)
服
務(wù)線程ServiceThread維護(hù)一個count來記錄服務(wù)線程被調(diào)用的次數(shù)。每當(dāng)服務(wù)任務(wù)被調(diào)用一次時,count的值自增1,因此
ServiceThread提供一個increaseCount和getCount的方法,分別將count值自增1和取得該count值。由于可能多個
線程存在競爭,同時訪問count,因此需要加鎖機(jī)制,在Java 5之前,我們只能使用synchronized來鎖定。Java
5中引入了性能更加粒度更細(xì)的重入鎖ReentrantLock。我們使用ReentrantLock保證代碼線程安全。下面是具體代碼:
private static ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock (); private static int count = 0; private int getCount(){ int ret = 0; try{ lock.lock(); ret = count; }finally{ lock.unlock(); } return ret; } private void increaseCount(){ try{ lock.lock(); ++count; }finally{ lock.unlock(); } }
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服務(wù)線程在開始給客戶端打印一個歡迎信息,
increaseCount(); int curCount = getCount(); helloString = "hello, id = " + curCount+"\r\n"; dos = new DataOutputStream(connectedSocket.getOutputStream()); dos.write(helloString.getBytes());
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然后使用ExecutorService的submit
方法提交一個Callable的任務(wù),返回一個Future接口的引用。這種做法對費(fèi)時的任務(wù)非常有效,submit任務(wù)之后可以繼續(xù)執(zhí)行下面的代碼,然
后在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢每梢允褂肍uture的get方法來獲取結(jié)果,如果這時候該方法已經(jīng)執(zhí)行完畢,則無需等待即可獲得結(jié)果,如果還在執(zhí)行,則等待到運(yùn)行完畢。
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(); Future <String> future = executor.submit(new TimeConsumingTask()); dos.write("let's do soemthing other".getBytes()); String result = future.get(); dos.write(result.getBytes()); 其中TimeConsumingTask實(shí)現(xiàn)了Callable接口 class TimeConsumingTask implements Callable <String>{ public String call() throws Exception { System.out.println ("It's a time-consuming task, you'd better retrieve your result in the furture"); return "ok, here's the result: It takes me lots of time to produce this result"; } }
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這里使用了Java
5的另外一個新特性泛型,聲明TimeConsumingTask的時候使用了String做為類型參數(shù)。必須實(shí)現(xiàn)Callable接口的call函數(shù),
其作用類似與Runnable中的run函數(shù),在call函數(shù)里寫入要執(zhí)行的代碼,其返回值類型等同于在類聲明中傳入的類型值。在這段程序中,我們提交了
一個Callable的任務(wù),然后程序不會堵塞,而是繼續(xù)執(zhí)行dos.write("let's do soemthing
other".getBytes());當(dāng)程序執(zhí)行到String result =
future.get()時如果call函數(shù)已經(jīng)執(zhí)行完畢,則取得返回值,如果還在執(zhí)行,則等待其執(zhí)行完畢。
服務(wù)器端的完整實(shí)現(xiàn)
服務(wù)器端的完整實(shí)現(xiàn)代碼如下:
package com.andrew;
import java.io.DataOutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.Serializable; import java.net.ServerSocket; import java.net.Socket; import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue; import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue; import java.util.concurrent.Callable; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.Future; import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionHandler; import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class Server {
private static int produceTaskSleepTime = 100;
private static int consumeTaskSleepTime = 1200;
private static int produceTaskMaxNumber = 100;
private static final int CORE_POOL_SIZE = 2;
private static final int MAX_POOL_SIZE = 100;
private static final int KEEPALIVE_TIME = 3;
private static final int QUEUE_CAPACITY = (CORE_POOL_SIZE + MAX_POOL_SIZE) / 2;
private static final TimeUnit TIME_UNIT = TimeUnit.SECONDS;
private static final String HOST = "127.0.0.1";
private static final int PORT = 19527;
private BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<Runnable>( QUEUE_CAPACITY);
//private ThreadPoolExecutor serverThreadPool = null; private ExecutorService pool = null;
private RejectedExecutionHandler rejectedExecutionHandler = new ThreadPoolExecutor.DiscardOldestPolicy();
private ServerSocket serverListenSocket = null;
private int times = 5;
public void start() { // You can also init thread pool in this way. /*serverThreadPool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(CORE_POOL_SIZE, MAX_POOL_SIZE, KEEPALIVE_TIME, TIME_UNIT, workQueue, rejectedExecutionHandler);*/ pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10); try { serverListenSocket = new ServerSocket(PORT); serverListenSocket.setReuseAddress(true);
System.out.println("I'm listening"); while (times-- > 0) { Socket socket = serverListenSocket.accept(); String welcomeString = "hello"; //serverThreadPool.execute(new ServiceThread(socket, welcomeString)); pool.execute(new ServiceThread(socket)); } } catch (IOException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } cleanup(); }
public void cleanup() { if (null != serverListenSocket) { try { serverListenSocket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } } //serverThreadPool.shutdown(); pool.shutdown(); }
public static void main(String args[]) { Server server = new Server(); server.start(); } }
class ServiceThread implements Runnable, Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 0;
private Socket connectedSocket = null;
private String helloString = null;
private static int count = 0;
private static ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
ServiceThread(Socket socket) { connectedSocket = socket; }
public void run() { increaseCount(); int curCount = getCount(); helloString = "hello, id = " + curCount + "\r\n";
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(); Future<String> future = executor.submit(new TimeConsumingTask());
DataOutputStream dos = null; try { dos = new DataOutputStream(connectedSocket.getOutputStream()); dos.write(helloString.getBytes()); try { dos.write("let's do soemthing other.\r\n".getBytes()); String result = future.get(); dos.write(result.getBytes()); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (ExecutionException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } catch (IOException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } finally { if (null != connectedSocket) { try { connectedSocket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } } if (null != dos) { try { dos.close(); } catch (IOException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } } executor.shutdown(); } }
private int getCount() { int ret = 0; try { lock.lock(); ret = count; } finally { lock.unlock(); } return ret; }
private void increaseCount() { try { lock.lock(); ++count; } finally { lock.unlock(); } } }
class TimeConsumingTask implements Callable<String> { public String call() throws Exception { System.out .println("It's a time-consuming task, you'd better retrieve your result in the furture"); return "ok, here's the result: It takes me lots of time to produce this result"; }
}
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運(yùn)行程序
運(yùn)行服務(wù)端,客戶端只需使用telnet 127.0.0.1 19527 即可看到信息如下:

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