JDK5中的一個亮點就是將Doug Lea的并發(fā)庫引入到Java標準庫中。Doug Lea確實是一個牛人,能教書,能出書,能編碼,不過這在國外還是比較普遍的,而國內(nèi)的教授們就相差太遠了。
一般的服務(wù)器都需要線程池,比如Web、FTP等服務(wù)器,不過它們一般都自己實現(xiàn)了線程池,比如以前介紹過的Tomcat、Resin和Jetty等,現(xiàn)在有了JDK5,我們就沒有必要重復(fù)造車輪了,直接使用就可以,何況使用也很方便,性能也非常高。
Java代碼

- package concurrent;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
- public class TestThreadPool {
- public static void main(String args[]) throws InterruptedException {
- // only two threads
- ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
- for(int index = 0; index < 100; index++) {
- Runnable run = new Runnable() {
- public void run() {
- long time = (long) (Math.random() * 1000);
- System.out.println(“Sleeping ” + time + “ms”);
- try {
- Thread.sleep(time);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- }
- }
- };
- exec.execute(run);
- }
- // must shutdown
- exec.shutdown();
- }
- }
package concurrent;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class TestThreadPool {
public static void main(String args[]) throws InterruptedException {
// only two threads
ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
for(int index = 0; index < 100; index++) {
Runnable run = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
long time = (long) (Math.random() * 1000);
System.out.println(“Sleeping ” + time + “ms”);
try {
Thread.sleep(time);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
}
};
exec.execute(run);
}
// must shutdown
exec.shutdown();
}
}
上面是一個簡單的例子,使用了2個大小的線程池來處理100個線程。但有一個問題:在for循環(huán)的過程中,會等待線程池有空閑的線程,所以主線程
會阻塞的。為了解決這個問題,一般啟動一個線程來做for循環(huán),就是為了避免由于線程池滿了造成主線程阻塞。不過在這里我沒有這樣處理。[重要修正:經(jīng)過
測試,即使線程池大小小于實際線程數(shù)大小,線程池也不會阻塞的,這與Tomcat的線程池不同,它將Runnable實例放到一個“無限”的
BlockingQueue中,所以就不用一個線程啟動for循環(huán),Doug Lea果然厲害]
另外它使用了Executors的靜態(tài)函數(shù)生成一個固定的線程池,顧名思義,線程池的線程是不會釋放的,即使它是Idle。這就會產(chǎn)生性能問題,
比如如果線程池的大小為200,當全部使用完畢后,所有的線程會繼續(xù)留在池中,相應(yīng)的內(nèi)存和線程切換(while(true)+sleep循環(huán))都會增
加。如果要避免這個問題,就必須直接使用ThreadPoolExecutor()來構(gòu)造。可以像Tomcat的線程池一樣設(shè)置“最大線程數(shù)”、“最小線
程數(shù)”和“空閑線程keepAlive的時間”。通過這些可以基本上替換Tomcat的線程池實現(xiàn)方案。
需要注意的是線程池必須使用shutdown來顯式關(guān)閉,否則主線程就無法退出。shutdown也不會阻塞主線程。
許多長時間運行的應(yīng)用有時候需要定時運行任務(wù)完成一些諸如統(tǒng)計、優(yōu)化等工作,比如在電信行業(yè)中處理用戶話單時,需要每隔1分鐘處理話單;網(wǎng)站每天
凌晨統(tǒng)計用戶訪問量、用戶數(shù);大型超時凌晨3點統(tǒng)計當天銷售額、以及最熱賣的商品;每周日進行數(shù)據(jù)庫備份;公司每個月的10號計算工資并進行轉(zhuǎn)帳等,這些
都是定時任務(wù)。通過 java的并發(fā)庫concurrent可以輕松的完成這些任務(wù),而且非常的簡單。
Java代碼

- package concurrent;
- import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
- import java.util.Date;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
- import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
- public class TestScheduledThread {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- final ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors
- .newScheduledThreadPool(2);
- final Runnable beeper = new Runnable() {
- int count = 0;
- public void run() {
- System.out.println(new Date() + ” beep ” + (++count));
- }
- };
- // 1秒鐘后運行,并每隔2秒運行一次
- final ScheduledFuture beeperHandle = scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(
- beeper, 1, 2, SECONDS);
- // 2秒鐘后運行,并每次在上次任務(wù)運行完后等待5秒后重新運行
- final ScheduledFuture beeperHandle2 = scheduler
- .scheduleWithFixedDelay(beeper, 2, 5, SECONDS);
- // 30秒后結(jié)束關(guān)閉任務(wù),并且關(guān)閉Scheduler
- scheduler.schedule(new Runnable() {
- public void run() {
- beeperHandle.cancel(true);
- beeperHandle2.cancel(true);
- scheduler.shutdown();
- }
- }, 30, SECONDS);
- }
- }
package concurrent;
import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
public class TestScheduledThread {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors
.newScheduledThreadPool(2);
final Runnable beeper = new Runnable() {
int count = 0;
public void run() {
System.out.println(new Date() + ” beep ” + (++count));
}
};
// 1秒鐘后運行,并每隔2秒運行一次
final ScheduledFuture beeperHandle = scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(
beeper, 1, 2, SECONDS);
// 2秒鐘后運行,并每次在上次任務(wù)運行完后等待5秒后重新運行
final ScheduledFuture beeperHandle2 = scheduler
.scheduleWithFixedDelay(beeper, 2, 5, SECONDS);
// 30秒后結(jié)束關(guān)閉任務(wù),并且關(guān)閉Scheduler
scheduler.schedule(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
beeperHandle.cancel(true);
beeperHandle2.cancel(true);
scheduler.shutdown();
}
}, 30, SECONDS);
}
}
為了退出進程,上面的代碼中加入了關(guān)閉Scheduler的操作。而對于24小時運行的應(yīng)用而言,是沒有必要關(guān)閉Scheduler的。
在實際應(yīng)用中,有時候需要多個線程同時工作以完成同一件事情,而且在完成過程中,往往會等待其他線程都完成某一階段后再執(zhí)行,等所有線程都到達某一個階段后再統(tǒng)一執(zhí)行。
比如有幾個旅行團需要途經(jīng)深圳、廣州、韶關(guān)、長沙最后到達武漢。旅行團中有自駕游的,有徒步的,有乘坐旅游大巴的;這些旅行團同時出發(fā),并且每到一個目的地,都要等待其他旅行團到達此地后再同時出發(fā),直到都到達終點站武漢。
這時候CyclicBarrier就可以派上用場。CyclicBarrier最重要的屬性就是參與者個數(shù),另外最要方法是await()。當所有線程都調(diào)用了await()后,就表示這些線程都可以繼續(xù)執(zhí)行,否則就會等待。
Java代碼

- package concurrent;
- import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
- import java.util.Date;
- import java.util.concurrent.BrokenBarrierException;
- import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
- public class TestCyclicBarrier {
- // 徒步需要的時間: Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shaoguan, Changsha, Wuhan
- private static int[] timeWalk = { 5, 8, 15, 15, 10 };
- // 自駕游
- private static int[] timeSelf = { 1, 3, 4, 4, 5 };
- // 旅游大巴
- private static int[] timeBus = { 2, 4, 6, 6, 7 };
-
- static String now() {
- SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat(“HH:mm:ss”);
- return sdf.format(new Date()) + “: “;
- }
-
- static class Tour implements Runnable {
- private int[] times;
- private CyclicBarrier barrier;
- private String tourName;
- public Tour(CyclicBarrier barrier, String tourName, int[] times) {
- this.times = times;
- this.tourName = tourName;
- this.barrier = barrier;
- }
- public void run() {
- try {
- Thread.sleep(times[0] * 1000);
- System.out.println(now() + tourName + ” Reached Shenzhen”);
- barrier.await();
- Thread.sleep(times[1] * 1000);
- System.out.println(now() + tourName + ” Reached Guangzhou”);
- barrier.await();
- Thread.sleep(times[2] * 1000);
- System.out.println(now() + tourName + ” Reached Shaoguan”);
- barrier.await();
- Thread.sleep(times[3] * 1000);
- System.out.println(now() + tourName + ” Reached Changsha”);
- barrier.await();
- Thread.sleep(times[4] * 1000);
- System.out.println(now() + tourName + ” Reached Wuhan”);
- barrier.await();
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- } catch (BrokenBarrierException e) {
- }
- }
- }
-
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- // 三個旅行團
- CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(3);
- ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
- exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, “WalkTour”, timeWalk));
- exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, “SelfTour”, timeSelf));
- exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, “BusTour”, timeBus));
- exec.shutdown();
- }
- }
package concurrent;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.concurrent.BrokenBarrierException;
import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class TestCyclicBarrier {
// 徒步需要的時間: Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shaoguan, Changsha, Wuhan
private static int[] timeWalk = { 5, 8, 15, 15, 10 };
// 自駕游
private static int[] timeSelf = { 1, 3, 4, 4, 5 };
// 旅游大巴
private static int[] timeBus = { 2, 4, 6, 6, 7 };
static String now() {
SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat(“HH:mm:ss”);
return sdf.format(new Date()) + “: “;
}
static class Tour implements Runnable {
private int[] times;
private CyclicBarrier barrier;
private String tourName;
public Tour(CyclicBarrier barrier, String tourName, int[] times) {
this.times = times;
this.tourName = tourName;
this.barrier = barrier;
}
public void run() {
try {
Thread.sleep(times[0] * 1000);
System.out.println(now() + tourName + ” Reached Shenzhen”);
barrier.await();
Thread.sleep(times[1] * 1000);
System.out.println(now() + tourName + ” Reached Guangzhou”);
barrier.await();
Thread.sleep(times[2] * 1000);
System.out.println(now() + tourName + ” Reached Shaoguan”);
barrier.await();
Thread.sleep(times[3] * 1000);
System.out.println(now() + tourName + ” Reached Changsha”);
barrier.await();
Thread.sleep(times[4] * 1000);
System.out.println(now() + tourName + ” Reached Wuhan”);
barrier.await();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
} catch (BrokenBarrierException e) {
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 三個旅行團
CyclicBarrier barrier = new CyclicBarrier(3);
ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, “WalkTour”, timeWalk));
exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, “SelfTour”, timeSelf));
exec.submit(new Tour(barrier, “BusTour”, timeBus));
exec.shutdown();
}
}
運行結(jié)果:
00:02:25: SelfTour Reached Shenzhen
00:02:25: BusTour Reached Shenzhen
00:02:27: WalkTour Reached Shenzhen
00:02:30: SelfTour Reached Guangzhou
00:02:31: BusTour Reached Guangzhou
00:02:35: WalkTour Reached Guangzhou
00:02:39: SelfTour Reached Shaoguan
00:02:41: BusTour Reached Shaoguan
并發(fā)庫中的BlockingQueue是一個比較好玩的類,顧名思義,就是阻塞隊列。該類主要提供了兩個方法put()和take(),前者將一
個對象放到隊列中,如果隊列已經(jīng)滿了,就等待直到有空閑節(jié)點;后者從head取一個對象,如果沒有對象,就等待直到有可取的對象。
下面的例子比較簡單,一個讀線程,用于將要處理的文件對象添加到阻塞隊列中,另外四個寫線程用于取出文件對象,為了模擬寫操作耗時長的特點,特讓
線程睡眠一段隨機長度的時間。另外,該Demo也使用到了線程池和原子整型(AtomicInteger),AtomicInteger可以在并發(fā)情況下
達到原子化更新,避免使用了synchronized,而且性能非常高。由于阻塞隊列的put和take操作會阻塞,為了使線程退出,特在隊列中添加了一
個“標識”,算法中也叫“哨兵”,當發(fā)現(xiàn)這個哨兵后,寫線程就退出。
當然線程池也要顯式退出了。
Java代碼

- package concurrent;
- import java.io.File;
- import java.io.FileFilter;
- import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
- import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
- import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
-
- public class TestBlockingQueue {
- static long randomTime() {
- return (long) (Math.random() * 1000);
- }
-
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- // 能容納100個文件
- final BlockingQueue queue = new LinkedBlockingQueue(100);
- // 線程池
- final ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
- final File root = new File(“F:""JavaLib”);
- // 完成標志
- final File exitFile = new File(“”);
- // 讀個數(shù)
- final AtomicInteger rc = new AtomicInteger();
- // 寫個數(shù)
- final AtomicInteger wc = new AtomicInteger();
- // 讀線程
- Runnable read = new Runnable() {
- public void run() {
- scanFile(root);
- scanFile(exitFile);
- }
-
- public void scanFile(File file) {
- if (file.isDirectory()) {
- File[] files = file.listFiles(new FileFilter() {
- public boolean accept(File pathname) {
- return pathname.isDirectory()
- || pathname.getPath().endsWith(“.java”);
- }
- });
- for (File one : files)
- scanFile(one);
- } else {
- try {
- int index = rc.incrementAndGet();
- System.out.println(“Read0: ” + index + ” “
- + file.getPath());
- queue.put(file);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- }
- }
- }
- };
- exec.submit(read);
- // 四個寫線程
- for (int index = 0; index < 4; index++) {
- // write thread
- final int NO = index;
- Runnable write = new Runnable() {
- String threadName = “Write” + NO;
- public void run() {
- while (true) {
- try {
- Thread.sleep(randomTime());
- int index = wc.incrementAndGet();
- File file = queue.take();
- // 隊列已經(jīng)無對象
- if (file == exitFile) {
- // 再次添加”標志”,以讓其他線程正常退出
- queue.put(exitFile);
- break;
- }
- System.out.println(threadName + “: ” + index + ” “
- + file.getPath());
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- }
- }
- }
- };
- exec.submit(write);
- }
- exec.shutdown();
- }
- }
package concurrent;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileFilter;
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
public class TestBlockingQueue {
static long randomTime() {
return (long) (Math.random() * 1000);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 能容納100個文件
final BlockingQueue queue = new LinkedBlockingQueue(100);
// 線程池
final ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
final File root = new File(“F:""JavaLib”);
// 完成標志
final File exitFile = new File(“”);
// 讀個數(shù)
final AtomicInteger rc = new AtomicInteger();
// 寫個數(shù)
final AtomicInteger wc = new AtomicInteger();
// 讀線程
Runnable read = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
scanFile(root);
scanFile(exitFile);
}
public void scanFile(File file) {
if (file.isDirectory()) {
File[] files = file.listFiles(new FileFilter() {
public boolean accept(File pathname) {
return pathname.isDirectory()
|| pathname.getPath().endsWith(“.java”);
}
});
for (File one : files)
scanFile(one);
} else {
try {
int index = rc.incrementAndGet();
System.out.println(“Read0: ” + index + ” “
+ file.getPath());
queue.put(file);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
}
}
};
exec.submit(read);
// 四個寫線程
for (int index = 0; index < 4; index++) {
// write thread
final int NO = index;
Runnable write = new Runnable() {
String threadName = “Write” + NO;
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
Thread.sleep(randomTime());
int index = wc.incrementAndGet();
File file = queue.take();
// 隊列已經(jīng)無對象
if (file == exitFile) {
// 再次添加”標志”,以讓其他線程正常退出
queue.put(exitFile);
break;
}
System.out.println(threadName + “: ” + index + ” “
+ file.getPath());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
}
}
};
exec.submit(write);
}
exec.shutdown();
}
}
從名字可以看出,CountDownLatch是一個倒數(shù)計數(shù)的鎖,當?shù)箶?shù)到0時觸發(fā)事件,也就是開鎖,其他人就可以進入了。在一些應(yīng)用場合中,需要等待某個條件達到要求后才能做后面的事情;同時當線程都完成后也會觸發(fā)事件,以便進行后面的操作。
CountDownLatch最重要的方法是countDown()和await(),前者主要是倒數(shù)一次,后者是等待倒數(shù)到0,如果沒有到達0,就只有阻塞等待了。
一個CountDouwnLatch實例是不能重復(fù)使用的,也就是說它是一次性的,鎖一經(jīng)被打開就不能再關(guān)閉使用了,如果想重復(fù)使用,請考慮使用CyclicBarrier。
下面的例子簡單的說明了CountDownLatch的使用方法,模擬了100米賽跑,10名選手已經(jīng)準備就緒,只等裁判一聲令下。當所有人都到達終點時,比賽結(jié)束。
同樣,線程池需要顯式shutdown。
Java代碼

- package concurrent;
-
- import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
-
- public class TestCountDownLatch {
- public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
- // 開始的倒數(shù)鎖
- final CountDownLatch begin = new CountDownLatch(1);
- // 結(jié)束的倒數(shù)鎖
- final CountDownLatch end = new CountDownLatch(10);
- // 十名選手
- final ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
- for(int index = 0; index < 10; index++) {
- final int NO = index + 1;
- Runnable run = new Runnable(){
- public void run() {
- try {
- begin.await();
- Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 10000));
- System.out.println(“No.” + NO + ” arrived”);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- } finally {
- end.countDown();
- }
- }
- };
- exec.submit(run);
- }
- System.out.println(“Game Start”);
- begin.countDown();
- end.await();
- System.out.println(“Game Over”);
- exec.shutdown();
- }
- }
package concurrent;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class TestCountDownLatch {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
// 開始的倒數(shù)鎖
final CountDownLatch begin = new CountDownLatch(1);
// 結(jié)束的倒數(shù)鎖
final CountDownLatch end = new CountDownLatch(10);
// 十名選手
final ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
for(int index = 0; index < 10; index++) {
final int NO = index + 1;
Runnable run = new Runnable(){
public void run() {
try {
begin.await();
Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 10000));
System.out.println(“No.” + NO + ” arrived”);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
} finally {
end.countDown();
}
}
};
exec.submit(run);
}
System.out.println(“Game Start”);
begin.countDown();
end.await();
System.out.println(“Game Over”);
exec.shutdown();
}
}
運行結(jié)果:
Game Start
No.4 arrived
No.1 arrived
No.7 arrived
No.9 arrived
No.3 arrived
No.2 arrived
No.8 arrived
No.10 arrived
No.6 arrived
No.5 arrived
Game Over
有時候在實際應(yīng)用中,某些操作很耗時,但又不是不可或缺的步驟。比如用網(wǎng)頁瀏覽器瀏覽新聞時,最重要的是要顯示文字內(nèi)容,至于與新聞相匹配的圖片
就沒有那么重要的,所以此時首先保證文字信息先顯示,而圖片信息會后顯示,但又不能不顯示,由于下載圖片是一個耗時的操作,所以必須一開始就得下載。
Java的并發(fā)庫的Future類就可以滿足這個要求。Future的重要方法包括get()和cancel(),get()獲取數(shù)據(jù)對象,如果
數(shù)據(jù)沒有加載,就會阻塞直到取到數(shù)據(jù),而
cancel()是取消數(shù)據(jù)加載。另外一個get(timeout)操作,表示如果在timeout時間內(nèi)沒有取到就失敗返回,而不再阻塞。
下面的Demo簡單的說明了Future的使用方法:一個非常耗時的操作必須一開始啟動,但又不能一直等待;其他重要的事情又必須做,等完成后,就可以做不重要的事情。
Java代碼

- package concurrent;
-
- import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
- import java.util.concurrent.Future;
-
- public class TestFutureTask {
- public static void main(String[] args)throws InterruptedException,
- ExecutionException {
- final ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
- Callable call = new Callable() {
- public String call() throws Exception {
- Thread.sleep(1000 * 5);
- return “Other less important but longtime things.”;
- }
- };
- Future task = exec.submit(call);
- // 重要的事情
- Thread.sleep(1000 * 3);
- System.out.println(“Let’s do important things.”);
- // 其他不重要的事情
- String obj = task.get();
- System.out.println(obj);
- // 關(guān)閉線程池
- exec.shutdown();
- }
- }
package concurrent;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
public class TestFutureTask {
public static void main(String[] args)throws InterruptedException,
ExecutionException {
final ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
Callable call = new Callable() {
public String call() throws Exception {
Thread.sleep(1000 * 5);
return “Other less important but longtime things.”;
}
};
Future task = exec.submit(call);
// 重要的事情
Thread.sleep(1000 * 3);
System.out.println(“Let’s do important things.”);
// 其他不重要的事情
String obj = task.get();
System.out.println(obj);
// 關(guān)閉線程池
exec.shutdown();
}
}
運行結(jié)果:
Let’s do important things.
Other less important but longtime things.
考慮以下場景:瀏覽網(wǎng)頁時,瀏覽器了5個線程下載網(wǎng)頁中的圖片文件,由于圖片大小、網(wǎng)站訪問速度等諸多因素的影響,完成圖片下載的時間就會有很大的不同。如果先下載完成的圖片就會被先顯示到界面上,反之,后下載的圖片就后顯示。
Java的并發(fā)庫的CompletionService可以滿足這種場景要求。該接口有兩個重要方法:submit()和take()。
submit用于提交一個runnable或者callable,一般會提交給一個線程池處理;而take就是取出已經(jīng)執(zhí)行完畢runnable或者
callable實例的Future對象,如果沒有滿足要求的,就等待了。
CompletionService還有一個對應(yīng)的方法poll,該方法與take類似,只是不會等待,如果沒有滿足要求,就返回null對象。
Java代碼

- package concurrent;
-
- import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
- import java.util.concurrent.CompletionService;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorCompletionService;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
- import java.util.concurrent.Future;
-
- public class TestCompletionService {
- public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException,
- ExecutionException {
- ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
- CompletionService serv =
- new ExecutorCompletionService(exec);
-
- for (int index = 0; index < 5; index++) {
- final int NO = index;
- Callable downImg = new Callable() {
- public String call() throws Exception {
- Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 10000));
- return “Downloaded Image ” + NO;
- }
- };
- serv.submit(downImg);
- }
-
- Thread.sleep(1000 * 2);
- System.out.println(“Show web content”);
- for (int index = 0; index < 5; index++) {
- Future task = serv.take();
- String img = task.get();
- System.out.println(img);
- }
- System.out.println(“End”);
- // 關(guān)閉線程池
- exec.shutdown();
- }
- }
package concurrent;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletionService;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorCompletionService;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
public class TestCompletionService {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException,
ExecutionException {
ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
CompletionService serv =
new ExecutorCompletionService(exec);
for (int index = 0; index < 5; index++) {
final int NO = index;
Callable downImg = new Callable() {
public String call() throws Exception {
Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 10000));
return “Downloaded Image ” + NO;
}
};
serv.submit(downImg);
}
Thread.sleep(1000 * 2);
System.out.println(“Show web content”);
for (int index = 0; index < 5; index++) {
Future task = serv.take();
String img = task.get();
System.out.println(img);
}
System.out.println(“End”);
// 關(guān)閉線程池
exec.shutdown();
}
}
運行結(jié)果:
Show web content
Downloaded Image 1
Downloaded Image 2
Downloaded Image 4
Downloaded Image 0
Downloaded Image 3
End
操作系統(tǒng)的信號量是個很重要的概念,在進程控制方面都有應(yīng)用。Java并發(fā)庫的Semaphore可以很輕松完成信號量控制,Semaphore
可以控制某個資源可被同時訪問的個數(shù),acquire()獲取一個許可,如果沒有就等待,而release()釋放一個許可。比如在Windows下可以
設(shè)置共享文件的最大客戶端訪問個數(shù)。
Semaphore維護了當前訪問的個數(shù),提供同步機制,控制同時訪問的個數(shù)。在數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)中鏈表可以保存“無限”的節(jié)點,用Semaphore可以實現(xiàn)有限大小的鏈表。另外重入鎖ReentrantLock也可以實現(xiàn)該功能,但實現(xiàn)上要負責(zé)些,代碼也要復(fù)雜些。
下面的Demo中申明了一個只有5個許可的Semaphore,而有20個線程要訪問這個資源,通過acquire()和release()獲取和釋放訪問許可。
Java代碼

- package concurrent;
-
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
- import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
-
- public class TestSemaphore {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- // 線程池
- ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
- // 只能5個線程同時訪問
- final Semaphore semp = new Semaphore(5);
- // 模擬20個客戶端訪問
- for (int index = 0; index < 20; index++) {
- final int NO = index;
- Runnable run = new Runnable() {
- public void run() {
- try {
- // 獲取許可
- semp.acquire();
- System.out.println(“Accessing: ” + NO);
- Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 10000));
- // 訪問完后,釋放
- semp.release();
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- }
- }
- };
- exec.execute(run);
- }
- // 退出線程池
- exec.shutdown();
- }
- }
package concurrent;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
public class TestSemaphore {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 線程池
ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
// 只能5個線程同時訪問
final Semaphore semp = new Semaphore(5);
// 模擬20個客戶端訪問
for (int index = 0; index < 20; index++) {
final int NO = index;
Runnable run = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
try {
// 獲取許可
semp.acquire();
System.out.println(“Accessing: ” + NO);
Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 10000));
// 訪問完后,釋放
semp.release();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
}
}
};
exec.execute(run);
}
// 退出線程池
exec.shutdown();
}
}
運行結(jié)果:
Accessing: 0
Accessing: 1
Accessing: 2
Accessing: 3
Accessing: 4
Accessing: 5
Accessing: 6
Accessing: 7
Accessing: 8
Accessing: 9
Accessing: 10
Accessing: 11
Accessing: 12
Accessing: 13
Accessing: 14
Accessing: 15
Accessing: 16
Accessing: 17
Accessing: 18
Accessing: 19