這個(gè)是我所收集的和JAVA有關(guān)的英語(yǔ)主要是Servlet的（以后不斷更新中）
當(dāng)然了，這個(gè)也只是對(duì)英語(yǔ)不好的人來(lái)說(shuō)的，高手就不用看了！！！

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Lift-cycle methods??? 生命周期
calls???????????????? 調(diào)用
sequence????????????? 序列
access??????????????? 存取
Binding?????????????? 綁定
provide?????????????? 提供
getCharacterEncoding? 獲取字符編碼
Attribute???????????? 屬性
MIME????????????????? 多用途網(wǎng)際郵件擴(kuò)充協(xié)議
container???????????? 容器
middle layer????????? 中間件
acting as???????????? 擔(dān)當(dāng)
Custom??????????????? 定制
Explicit????????????? 顯示
Implicit????????????? 隱式
Varieties???????????? 變量
behing-the-scenes???? 幕后
Critical????????????? 重要的

****************************************************************
Servlet's Job

Servlets are Java programs that run on Web or application servers,
acting as a middle layer between requests coming from Web browsers
or other HTTP clients and databases or applications on the HTTP server.

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Read the explicit data sent by the client

The end user normally enters this data in an HTML form on a Web page.
However,the data could also come from an applet or a custom HTTP client program.

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Read the implicit HTTP request data sent by the browser

there are really two varieties of data:the explicit data that the end user enters
in a form and the behind-the-scenes HTTP information.
Both varieties are critical.The HTTP information includes cookies,information
about media types and compression schemes.

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Generate the results

This process may require talking to a database,executing an RMI or EJB call,invoking
a Web service,or computing the response directly.
Your real data may be in a relational database.Fine.
But your database probably doesn't speak HTTP or return results in HTML,
so the Web browser can't talk directly to the database.Even if it could,for secutity
reasons,you probably would not want it to. The same argument applies to most other
applications.
You need the Web middle layer to extract the incoming data from the HTTP stream,talk
to the application,and embed the results inside a document.

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Send the explicit data (i.e.,the document)to the client.

This document can be sent in a variety of formats,including text(HTML or XML),binary
(GIF images),
or even a compressed format like gzip that is layered on top of some other underlying format.
But,HTML is by far the most common format,so an important servlet/JSp task is to
wrap the results inside of HTML.

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Send the implicit HTTP response data.

there are really two varieties of data sent:
the document itself and the behind-the-scenes HTTP information.Again,both varieties are critical to effective development.
Sending HTTP response data involves telling the browser or other client what type of
documents is being returned(e.g.,HTML),setting cookies and caching parameters,and
other such tasks.

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************************************************************

Servlet 的功能
　Servlet 是運(yùn)行在Web 服務(wù)器或應(yīng)用服務(wù)器上的JAVA程序，它是一個(gè)中間層，
負(fù)責(zé)連接來(lái)自Web瀏覽器或其他HTTP客戶(hù)程序的請(qǐng)求和HTTP服務(wù)器上的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)或應(yīng)用程序。

讀取客戶(hù)發(fā)送的顯示數(shù)據(jù)
最終用戶(hù)一般在網(wǎng)頁(yè)的HTML表單中輸入這些數(shù)據(jù)。然而，數(shù)據(jù)還有可能來(lái)自于applet 或定制的
HTTP客戶(hù)程序。

它們分別為用戶(hù)在表單中輸入的顯示數(shù)據(jù)，以及后臺(tái)的HTTP信息，兩種數(shù)據(jù)都很重要。HTTP
信息包括cookie, 瀏覽器所能識(shí)別的媒體類(lèi)型和壓縮模式等。

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***********************************************************

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Sensitive???????????????? 敏感
Concuread???????????????? 可同時(shí)發(fā)生的
Absoluteposion??????????? 絕對(duì)位置
Cursor??????????????????? 指針
granted?????????????????? 準(zhǔn)許
License?????????????????? 許可，執(zhí)照
involve?????????????????? 包括
indirectly??????????????? 間接的
directories?????????????? 目錄
ascirbe?????????????????? 歸因于

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*******

student_survey???????????????? n 學(xué)生調(diào)查
Separator????????????????????? n 分隔符
generates????????????????????? v 生成?
CompareTO????????????????????? v 比較
Otherwise????????????????????? adv 否則，另外
Hierarchy????????????????????? n 層次　Class Hierarchy
compatibility????????????????? 兼容性
resources????????????????????? 資源
Data resources???????????????? 數(shù)據(jù)源
Constructs???????????????????? v 創(chuàng)建
Functionality????????????????? n 功能
Encodes??????????????????????? v 編碼
specified URL????????????????? 特定的URL
Raw??????????????????????????? 原始

************************************************************

You call request.getParameter to get the value of a form parameter.
You can also call request.getParameterValues if the parameter appears more
than once you can call request.getParameterNames if you want a complete list of
all parameters in thecurrent request.
In the rare cases in which you need to read the raw request data and parse it
yourself,call getReader of getInputStream.

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********

你可以調(diào)用request.getParameter 可以得到表單參數(shù)值。
如果參數(shù)多次出現(xiàn)，還可以調(diào)用request.getParameterValues.
如果希望得到當(dāng)前請(qǐng)求中所有參數(shù)的完整列表，可以調(diào)用request.getParameterNames.
在極少數(shù)情況下，可能需要讀取原始的請(qǐng)求數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)它自己進(jìn)行分析，此時(shí)可以調(diào)用getReader或
getInputStream.

************************************************************03 Servelet 處理表單

Override??????? 覆蓋
Resource bundle????? 資源包
Scheme????????? 模式
Template??????? 模板
Wildcard??????? 通配符
Internationalization????? 國(guó)際化
Authorization?? 鑒別
Authentication? 授權(quán)
Native code???? 本機(jī)代碼
Manipulation??? 處理

Java syntax???? Java語(yǔ)法
Standardizes??? 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化
approach??????? 路徑
extensions????? 擴(kuò)展
Vendor????????? 賣(mài)主，供應(yīng)商
Establish?????? 建立

JDBC provides a standard library for accessing relational databases.
By using the JDBC API, you can access a wide variety of SQL databases with exactly
the same Java syntax.

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JDBC 提供一套訪(fǎng)問(wèn)關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù)。通過(guò)JDBC API ，我們可以適用完全相同的JAVA 語(yǔ)法訪(fǎng)問(wèn)大量各種各樣的SQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。

********

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It is important to note that although the JDBC API standardizes the approach for

connection to databases,the syntax for sending queries and committing t
ransactions,
and the data structure representing the result,JDBC does not attmpt to standardize
the SQL syntax.

*******翻譯開(kāi)始

要主義，雖然JDBC API 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化了數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的連接方式，發(fā)送查詢(xún)和提交事務(wù)的語(yǔ)法，以及表示結(jié)果的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)，但JDBC 并不試圖將SQL的語(yǔ)法也標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，了解這一點(diǎn)比較重要。

********

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So,you can use any SQL extensions your database vendor supports.However,since most
queries follow standard SQL syntax,using JDBC lets you change database hosts,ports,and even database vendors with minimal changes to you code.

*******翻譯開(kāi)始

故而，我們依舊可以使用數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)提供商支持的任何擴(kuò)展，但是由于大多數(shù)查詢(xún)都遵循標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的SQL語(yǔ)法。因此，在使用JDBC 的情況下，對(duì)代碼做出很少的修改就可以更改數(shù)據(jù)的主機(jī)，端口，甚至數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)提供商。

*******

Following is a summary;details are given in the rest of the section.

Load the JDBC driver. To load a driver,you specify the classname of the database
driver in the Class.forName method.By doing so,you automatically create a driver
instance and register is with the JDBC driver manager.
Define the connection URL. In JDBC,a connection URL specifies the server host,
port ,and database name with which to establish a connection.

*******翻譯開(kāi)始

下面是一個(gè)匯總。
載入JDBC 驅(qū)動(dòng)程序，如果要載入驅(qū)動(dòng)程序，只需在Class.forName 方法中指定數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)驅(qū)動(dòng)程序的類(lèi)名。這樣做就自動(dòng)創(chuàng)建了驅(qū)動(dòng)程序的實(shí)例，產(chǎn)注冊(cè)到JDBC 驅(qū)動(dòng)程序管理器。

定義連接URL
在JDBC 中，連接URL 指定服務(wù)器的主機(jī)名，端口以及希望與之建立連接的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)名。

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Estblish the connection.With the connection URL, username,and passwrod, a network
connection to the database can be established. Once the
connection is established,
database queries can be preformed until the connection is closed.
Create a Stantement object. Creating a Statement object enables you to send
queries and commands to the database.

*******翻譯開(kāi)始

建立連接
有了連接URL,用戶(hù)名和密碼，就可以建立到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接。連接建立之后，就可以執(zhí)行數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的查詢(xún)，直到數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)閉為止。
創(chuàng)建Statement 對(duì)象
創(chuàng)建Statement 對(duì)象才能向數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)發(fā)送查詢(xún)和命令。

*************

Execute a query or update. Give a Statement object, you can send SQL stateents to
the database by using the execute, executeQuery, executeUpdate, or executeBatch
methods.

Process the results.When a database query is executed, a ResultSet is returned.
The ResultSet represents a set of rows and columns that you can process by calls
to next and various getXXX methods.

Close the connection. When you are finished performing queries and processing
results, you should close the connection ,releasing resources to the database.

******翻譯開(kāi)始

執(zhí)行查詢(xún)或更新
有了Statement 對(duì)象后，就可以用excute,excuteQuery,excuteUpdate 或 excuteBatch 方法
發(fā)送給SQL 語(yǔ)句到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。
結(jié)果處理
數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)查詢(xún)執(zhí)行完畢后，返回一個(gè)ResultSet 。ResultSet表示一系列的行和列，我們可以
調(diào)用next 和各種 getXXX方法對(duì)這些行和列進(jìn)行處理。
關(guān)閉連接
在執(zhí)行完查詢(xún)且處理完結(jié)果之后，應(yīng)該關(guān)閉連接，釋放與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)相連的資源。

**************************************************************
**** Cookies

Cookies are small bits of textual information that a Web server sends to a
browser
and that the browser later returns unchanged when visiting the same Web site
of domain.
By letting the server read information it sent the client previously,the site can
provide visitors with a number of conveniences
such as presenting the site the way the visitor previously customized it or
letting identifiable visitors in without their having to reenter a password.

********翻譯開(kāi)始

Cookie 是小段文本信息，由Web 服務(wù)器將它發(fā)送到瀏覽器，
之后，在訪(fǎng)問(wèn)同一網(wǎng)站或域時(shí)，瀏覽器又將它原封不動(dòng)地返回。
通過(guò)讓服務(wù)器讀取它之前發(fā)送給客戶(hù)程序的信息，站點(diǎn)可以為訪(fǎng)問(wèn)者提供諸多的便利，
比如按照訪(fǎng)問(wèn)者之前的定制呈現(xiàn)該站點(diǎn)，或讓分身已通過(guò)驗(yàn)證者進(jìn)入，不需要再次輸入
密碼。

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communicate????????? 通話(huà)
dispatch???????????? 分布式的
processing?????????? 處理
match??????????????? 匹配
ignored????????????? 忽略
overloaded?????????? 過(guò)載
Furthermore????????? 此外
purposes???????????? 目的目標(biāo)

************************* 05-Servlet 中處理會(huì)話(huà) Session

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Separate?????? 單獨(dú)、分離
Persistent???? 持久，穩(wěn)固
Multiple?????? 多個(gè)、多樣
Maintaining??? 維持、維修
Inadequacies?? 不足

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****

HTTP is a "stateless" protocol:
each time a client retrieves a Web page,the client opens a separate connection to
the Web server and the server does not automatically maintain contextual
information .
about the client.Even with servers that support persistent(Keep-alive)HTTP
connections and keep sockets open for multiple client requests that occur
in rapid succession, there is no built-in support for maintaining contextual
information.

This lack of context causes a number of difficulties.

*******翻譯開(kāi)始

HTTP 是“無(wú)狀態(tài)”協(xié)議：
客戶(hù)程序每次讀取Web頁(yè)面，都會(huì)打開(kāi)一個(gè)單獨(dú)連接到Web服務(wù)器，并且服務(wù)器也不自動(dòng)
維護(hù)客戶(hù)的上下文信息。
即使哪些支持持續(xù)性HTTP 連接的服務(wù)器，盡管 多個(gè)客戶(hù)請(qǐng)求連接發(fā)生且間隔很短時(shí)他們
會(huì)保持socket打開(kāi)，但是，它們也沒(méi)有提供維護(hù)上下文信息的內(nèi)建支持。
上下文的缺失引起許多困難。

*******

For example, when clients at an online store add an item to their shopping carts,
how does the server know what's already in the carts?
Similarly, when clients decide to proceed to checkout, how can the server
determine which previously created shopping carts are theirs?
These questions seem very simple, yet, because of the inadequacies of HTTP,
answering them is surprisingly complicated.

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例如，在線(xiàn)商店的客戶(hù)向它們的購(gòu)物車(chē)加入商品時(shí)，服務(wù)器如何知道購(gòu)物車(chē)中已有何種
物品呢？
類(lèi)似的，在客戶(hù)決定結(jié)賬時(shí)，服務(wù)器如何能確定之前創(chuàng)建的購(gòu)物車(chē)中哪個(gè)屬于客戶(hù)呢？
這些問(wèn)題雖然看起來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單，但是由于HTTP的不足，解決它們卻異常復(fù)雜困難。

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***********

There are three typical solutions to this problem:cookies,URL rewriting,and
hidden form fields ,session

****翻譯開(kāi)始

對(duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題，存在四種解決方案：
cookie，URL重寫(xiě)隱藏的表單域和session

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*********************

initialization parameters??????? 初始化參數(shù)
Reference??????????????????????? 引用
Logging????????????????????????? 日志
Encryption?????????????????????? 加密
Chain??????????????????????????? 鏈
executing??????????????????????? 執(zhí)行
tasks??????????????????????????? 任務(wù)
Authentication?????????????????? 壓縮
conversion?????????????????????? 轉(zhuǎn)換

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*******

A filter is a program that runs on the server before the servlet or JSP page
with which it is associated.

A filter can be attached to one or more servlets or JSp pages and can examine
the request information going into these resources

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