這個是我所收集的和JAVA有關的英語主要是Servlet的（以后不斷更新中）
當然了，這個也只是對英語不好的人來說的，高手就不用看了！！！

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Lift-cycle methods??? 生命周期
calls???????????????? 調用
sequence????????????? 序列
access??????????????? 存取
Binding?????????????? 綁定
provide?????????????? 提供
getCharacterEncoding? 獲取字符編碼
Attribute???????????? 屬性
MIME????????????????? 多用途網際郵件擴充協議
container???????????? 容器
middle layer????????? 中間件
acting as???????????? 擔當
Custom??????????????? 定制
Explicit????????????? 顯示
Implicit????????????? 隱式
Varieties???????????? 變量
behing-the-scenes???? 幕后
Critical????????????? 重要的

****************************************************************
Servlet's Job

Servlets are Java programs that run on Web or application servers,
acting as a middle layer between requests coming from Web browsers
or other HTTP clients and databases or applications on the HTTP server.

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Read the explicit data sent by the client

The end user normally enters this data in an HTML form on a Web page.
However,the data could also come from an applet or a custom HTTP client program.

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Read the implicit HTTP request data sent by the browser

there are really two varieties of data:the explicit data that the end user enters
in a form and the behind-the-scenes HTTP information.
Both varieties are critical.The HTTP information includes cookies,information
about media types and compression schemes.

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Generate the results

This process may require talking to a database,executing an RMI or EJB call,invoking
a Web service,or computing the response directly.
Your real data may be in a relational database.Fine.
But your database probably doesn't speak HTTP or return results in HTML,
so the Web browser can't talk directly to the database.Even if it could,for secutity
reasons,you probably would not want it to. The same argument applies to most other
applications.
You need the Web middle layer to extract the incoming data from the HTTP stream,talk
to the application,and embed the results inside a document.

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Send the explicit data (i.e.,the document)to the client.

This document can be sent in a variety of formats,including text(HTML or XML),binary
(GIF images),
or even a compressed format like gzip that is layered on top of some other underlying format.
But,HTML is by far the most common format,so an important servlet/JSp task is to
wrap the results inside of HTML.

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Send the implicit HTTP response data.

there are really two varieties of data sent:
the document itself and the behind-the-scenes HTTP information.Again,both varieties are critical to effective development.
Sending HTTP response data involves telling the browser or other client what type of
documents is being returned(e.g.,HTML),setting cookies and caching parameters,and
other such tasks.

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************************************************************

Servlet 的功能
　Servlet 是運行在Web 服務器或應用服務器上的JAVA程序，它是一個中間層，
負責連接來自Web瀏覽器或其他HTTP客戶程序的請求和HTTP服務器上的數據庫或應用程序。

讀取客戶發送的顯示數據
最終用戶一般在網頁的HTML表單中輸入這些數據。然而，數據還有可能來自于applet 或定制的
HTTP客戶程序。

它們分別為用戶在表單中輸入的顯示數據，以及后臺的HTTP信息，兩種數據都很重要。HTTP
信息包括cookie, 瀏覽器所能識別的媒體類型和壓縮模式等。

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***********************************************************

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Sensitive???????????????? 敏感
Concuread???????????????? 可同時發生的
Absoluteposion??????????? 絕對位置
Cursor??????????????????? 指針
granted?????????????????? 準許
License?????????????????? 許可，執照
involve?????????????????? 包括
indirectly??????????????? 間接的
directories?????????????? 目錄
ascirbe?????????????????? 歸因于

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*******

student_survey???????????????? n 學生調查
Separator????????????????????? n 分隔符
generates????????????????????? v 生成?
CompareTO????????????????????? v 比較
Otherwise????????????????????? adv 否則，另外
Hierarchy????????????????????? n 層次　Class Hierarchy
compatibility????????????????? 兼容性
resources????????????????????? 資源
Data resources???????????????? 數據源
Constructs???????????????????? v 創建
Functionality????????????????? n 功能
Encodes??????????????????????? v 編碼
specified URL????????????????? 特定的URL
Raw??????????????????????????? 原始

************************************************************

You call request.getParameter to get the value of a form parameter.
You can also call request.getParameterValues if the parameter appears more
than once you can call request.getParameterNames if you want a complete list of
all parameters in thecurrent request.
In the rare cases in which you need to read the raw request data and parse it
yourself,call getReader of getInputStream.

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********

你可以調用request.getParameter 可以得到表單參數值。
如果參數多次出現，還可以調用request.getParameterValues.
如果希望得到當前請求中所有參數的完整列表，可以調用request.getParameterNames.
在極少數情況下，可能需要讀取原始的請求數據對它自己進行分析，此時可以調用getReader或
getInputStream.

************************************************************03 Servelet 處理表單

Override??????? 覆蓋
Resource bundle????? 資源包
Scheme????????? 模式
Template??????? 模板
Wildcard??????? 通配符
Internationalization????? 國際化
Authorization?? 鑒別
Authentication? 授權
Native code???? 本機代碼
Manipulation??? 處理

Java syntax???? Java語法
Standardizes??? 標準化
approach??????? 路徑
extensions????? 擴展
Vendor????????? 賣主，供應商
Establish?????? 建立

JDBC provides a standard library for accessing relational databases.
By using the JDBC API, you can access a wide variety of SQL databases with exactly
the same Java syntax.

********翻譯開始

JDBC 提供一套訪問關系型數據庫的標準庫。通過JDBC API ，我們可以適用完全相同的JAVA 語法訪問大量各種各樣的SQL數據庫。

********

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It is important to note that although the JDBC API standardizes the approach for

connection to databases,the syntax for sending queries and committing t
ransactions,
and the data structure representing the result,JDBC does not attmpt to standardize
the SQL syntax.

*******翻譯開始

要主義，雖然JDBC API 標準化了數據庫的連接方式，發送查詢和提交事務的語法，以及表示結果的數據結構，但JDBC 并不試圖將SQL的語法也標準化，了解這一點比較重要。

********

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So,you can use any SQL extensions your database vendor supports.However,since most
queries follow standard SQL syntax,using JDBC lets you change database hosts,ports,and even database vendors with minimal changes to you code.

*******翻譯開始

故而，我們依舊可以使用數據庫提供商支持的任何擴展，但是由于大多數查詢都遵循標準的SQL語法。因此，在使用JDBC 的情況下，對代碼做出很少的修改就可以更改數據的主機，端口，甚至數據庫提供商。

*******

Following is a summary;details are given in the rest of the section.

Load the JDBC driver. To load a driver,you specify the classname of the database
driver in the Class.forName method.By doing so,you automatically create a driver
instance and register is with the JDBC driver manager.
Define the connection URL. In JDBC,a connection URL specifies the server host,
port ,and database name with which to establish a connection.

*******翻譯開始

下面是一個匯總。
載入JDBC 驅動程序，如果要載入驅動程序，只需在Class.forName 方法中指定數據庫驅動程序的類名。這樣做就自動創建了驅動程序的實例，產注冊到JDBC 驅動程序管理器。

定義連接URL
在JDBC 中，連接URL 指定服務器的主機名，端口以及希望與之建立連接的數據庫名。

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Estblish the connection.With the connection URL, username,and passwrod, a network
connection to the database can be established. Once the
connection is established,
database queries can be preformed until the connection is closed.
Create a Stantement object. Creating a Statement object enables you to send
queries and commands to the database.

*******翻譯開始

建立連接
有了連接URL,用戶名和密碼，就可以建立到數據庫的網絡連接。連接建立之后，就可以執行數據庫的查詢，直到數據關閉為止。
創建Statement 對象
創建Statement 對象才能向數據庫發送查詢和命令。

*************

Execute a query or update. Give a Statement object, you can send SQL stateents to
the database by using the execute, executeQuery, executeUpdate, or executeBatch
methods.

Process the results.When a database query is executed, a ResultSet is returned.
The ResultSet represents a set of rows and columns that you can process by calls
to next and various getXXX methods.

Close the connection. When you are finished performing queries and processing
results, you should close the connection ,releasing resources to the database.

******翻譯開始

執行查詢或更新
有了Statement 對象后，就可以用excute,excuteQuery,excuteUpdate 或 excuteBatch 方法
發送給SQL 語句到數據庫。
結果處理
數據庫查詢執行完畢后，返回一個ResultSet 。ResultSet表示一系列的行和列，我們可以
調用next 和各種 getXXX方法對這些行和列進行處理。
關閉連接
在執行完查詢且處理完結果之后，應該關閉連接，釋放與數據庫相連的資源。

**************************************************************
**** Cookies

Cookies are small bits of textual information that a Web server sends to a
browser
and that the browser later returns unchanged when visiting the same Web site
of domain.
By letting the server read information it sent the client previously,the site can
provide visitors with a number of conveniences
such as presenting the site the way the visitor previously customized it or
letting identifiable visitors in without their having to reenter a password.

********翻譯開始

Cookie 是小段文本信息，由Web 服務器將它發送到瀏覽器，
之后，在訪問同一網站或域時，瀏覽器又將它原封不動地返回。
通過讓服務器讀取它之前發送給客戶程序的信息，站點可以為訪問者提供諸多的便利，
比如按照訪問者之前的定制呈現該站點，或讓分身已通過驗證者進入，不需要再次輸入
密碼。

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communicate????????? 通話
dispatch???????????? 分布式的
processing?????????? 處理
match??????????????? 匹配
ignored????????????? 忽略
overloaded?????????? 過載
Furthermore????????? 此外
purposes???????????? 目的目標

************************* 05-Servlet 中處理會話 Session

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Separate?????? 單獨、分離
Persistent???? 持久，穩固
Multiple?????? 多個、多樣
Maintaining??? 維持、維修
Inadequacies?? 不足

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****

HTTP is a "stateless" protocol:
each time a client retrieves a Web page,the client opens a separate connection to
the Web server and the server does not automatically maintain contextual
information .
about the client.Even with servers that support persistent(Keep-alive)HTTP
connections and keep sockets open for multiple client requests that occur
in rapid succession, there is no built-in support for maintaining contextual
information.

This lack of context causes a number of difficulties.

*******翻譯開始

HTTP 是“無狀態”協議：
客戶程序每次讀取Web頁面，都會打開一個單獨連接到Web服務器，并且服務器也不自動
維護客戶的上下文信息。
即使哪些支持持續性HTTP 連接的服務器，盡管 多個客戶請求連接發生且間隔很短時他們
會保持socket打開，但是，它們也沒有提供維護上下文信息的內建支持。
上下文的缺失引起許多困難。

*******

For example, when clients at an online store add an item to their shopping carts,
how does the server know what's already in the carts?
Similarly, when clients decide to proceed to checkout, how can the server
determine which previously created shopping carts are theirs?
These questions seem very simple, yet, because of the inadequacies of HTTP,
answering them is surprisingly complicated.

********翻譯開始

例如，在線商店的客戶向它們的購物車加入商品時，服務器如何知道購物車中已有何種
物品呢？
類似的，在客戶決定結賬時，服務器如何能確定之前創建的購物車中哪個屬于客戶呢？
這些問題雖然看起來簡單，但是由于HTTP的不足，解決它們卻異常復雜困難。

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***********

There are three typical solutions to this problem:cookies,URL rewriting,and
hidden form fields ,session

****翻譯開始

對于這個問題，存在四種解決方案：
cookie，URL重寫隱藏的表單域和session

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*********************

initialization parameters??????? 初始化參數
Reference??????????????????????? 引用
Logging????????????????????????? 日志
Encryption?????????????????????? 加密
Chain??????????????????????????? 鏈
executing??????????????????????? 執行
tasks??????????????????????????? 任務
Authentication?????????????????? 壓縮
conversion?????????????????????? 轉換

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*******

A filter is a program that runs on the server before the servlet or JSP page
with which it is associated.

A filter can be attached to one or more servlets or JSp pages and can examine
the request information going into these resources

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