Servlet3規(guī)范提出異步請求,絕對是一巨大歷史進(jìn)步。之前各自應(yīng)用服務(wù)器廠商紛紛推出自己的異步請求實(shí)現(xiàn)(或者稱comet,或者服務(wù)器推送支持,或者長連接),諸如Tomcat6中的NIO連接協(xié)議支持,Jetty的continuations編程架構(gòu),SUN、IBM、BEA等自不用說,商業(yè)版的服務(wù)器對Comet的支持,自然走在開源應(yīng)用服務(wù)器前面,各自為王,沒有一個統(tǒng)一的編程模型,怎一個亂字了得。相關(guān)的comet框架也不少,諸如pushlet、DWR、cometd;最近很熱HTML5也不甘寂寞,推出WebSocket,只是離現(xiàn)實(shí)較遠(yuǎn)。
總體來說,在JAVA世界,很亂!缺乏規(guī)范,沒有統(tǒng)一的編程模型,會嚴(yán)重依賴特定服務(wù)器,或特定容器。
好在Servlet3具有了異步請求規(guī)范,各個應(yīng)用服務(wù)器廠商只需要自行實(shí)現(xiàn)即可,這樣編寫符合規(guī)范的異步Servlet代碼,不用擔(dān)心移植了。
現(xiàn)在編寫支持comet風(fēng)格servlet,很簡單:
- 在注解處標(biāo)記上 asyncSupported = true;
- final AsyncContext ac = request.startAsync();
這里設(shè)定簡單應(yīng)用環(huán)境:一個非常受歡迎博客系統(tǒng),多人訂閱,終端用戶僅僅需要訪問訂閱頁面,當(dāng)后臺有新的博客文章提交時,服務(wù)器會馬上主動推送到客戶端,新的內(nèi)容自動顯示在用戶的屏幕上。整個過程中,用戶僅僅需要打開一次頁面(即訂閱一次),后臺當(dāng)有新的內(nèi)容時會主動展示用戶瀏覽器上,不需要刷新什么。下面的示范使用到了iFrame,有關(guān)Comet Stream,會在以后展開。有關(guān)理論不會在本篇深入討論,也會在以后討論。
這個系統(tǒng)需要一個博文內(nèi)容功能:
新的博文后臺處理部分代碼:
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
MicBlog blog = new MicBlog();
blog.setAuthor("發(fā)布者");
blog.setId(System.currentTimeMillis());
blog.setContent(iso2UTF8(request.getParameter("content")));
blog.setPubDate(new Date());
// 放到博文隊(duì)列里面去
NewBlogListener.BLOG_QUEUE.add(blog);
request.setAttribute("message", "博文發(fā)布成功!");
request.getRequestDispatcher("/WEB-INF/pages/write.jsp").forward(
request, response);
}
private static String iso2UTF8(String str){
try {
return new String(str.getBytes("ISO-8859-1"), "UTF-8");
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return null;
}
當(dāng)用戶需要訂閱博客更新時的界面:
當(dāng)前頁面HTML代碼可以說明客戶端的一些情況:
<html>
<head>
<title>comet推送測試</title>
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=8" />
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"/>
<meta name="author" content="yongboy@gmail.com"/>
<meta name="keywords" content="servlet3, comet, ajax"/>
<meta name="description" content=""/>
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="css/main.css"/>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-1.4.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/comet.js"></script>
</head>
<body style="margin: 0; overflow: hidden">
<div id="showDiv" class="inputStyle"></div>
</body>
</html>
id為“showDiv”的div這里作為一個容器,用于組織顯示最新的信息。
而客戶端邏輯,則在comet.js文件中具體展示了如何和服務(wù)器交互的一些細(xì)節(jié):
/**
* 客戶端Comet JS 渲染部分
* @author yongboy@gmail.com
* @date 2010-10-18
* @version 1.0
*/
String.prototype.template=function(){
var args=arguments;
return this.replace(/\{(\d+)\}/g, function(m, i){
return args[i];
});
}
var html = '<div class="logDiv">'
+ '<div class="contentDiv">{0}</div>'
+ '<div class="tipDiv">last date : {1}</div>'
+ '<div class="clear"> </div>'
+ '</div>';
function showContent(json) {
$("#showDiv").prepend(html.template(json.content, json.date));
}
var server = 'blogpush';
var comet = {
connection : false,
iframediv : false,
initialize: function() {
if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf("MSIE") != -1) {
comet.connection = new ActiveXObject("htmlfile");
comet.connection.open();
comet.connection.write("<html>");
comet.connection.write("<script>document.domain = '"+document.domain+"'");
comet.connection.write("</html>");
comet.connection.close();
comet.iframediv = comet.connection.createElement("div");
comet.connection.appendChild(comet.iframediv);
comet.connection.parentWindow.comet = comet;
comet.iframediv.innerHTML = "<iframe id='comet_iframe' src='"+server+"'></iframe>";
}else if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf("KHTML") != -1 || navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Opera') >= 0) {
comet.connection = document.createElement('iframe');
comet.connection.setAttribute('id', 'comet_iframe');
comet.connection.setAttribute('src', server);
with (comet.connection.style) {
position = "absolute";
left = top = "-100px";
height = width = "1px";
visibility = "hidden";
}
document.body.appendChild(comet.connection);
}else {
comet.connection = document.createElement('iframe');
comet.connection.setAttribute('id', 'comet_iframe');
with (comet.connection.style) {
left = top = "-100px";
height = width = "1px";
visibility = "hidden";
display = 'none';
}
comet.iframediv = document.createElement('iframe');
comet.iframediv.setAttribute('onLoad', 'comet.frameDisconnected()');
comet.iframediv.setAttribute('src', server);
comet.connection.appendChild(comet.iframediv);
document.body.appendChild(comet.connection);
}
},
frameDisconnected: function() {
comet.connection = false;
$('#comet_iframe').remove();
//setTimeout("chat.showConnect();",100);
},
showMsg:function(data){
showContent(data);
},
timeout:function(){
var url = server + "?time=" + new Date().getTime();
if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf("MSIE") != -1) {
comet.iframediv.childNodes[0].src = url;
} else if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf("KHTML") != -1 || navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Opera') >= 0) {
document.getElementById("comet_iframe").src = url;
} else {
comet.connection.removeChild(comet.iframediv);
document.body.removeChild(comet.connection);
comet.iframediv.setAttribute('src', url);
comet.connection.appendChild(comet.iframediv);
document.body.appendChild(comet.connection);
}
},
onUnload: function() {
if (comet.connection) {
comet.connection = false;
}
}
}
if (window.addEventListener) {
window.addEventListener("load", comet.initialize, false);
window.addEventListener("unload", comet.onUnload, false);
} else if (window.attachEvent) {
window.attachEvent("onload", comet.initialize);
window.attachEvent("onunload", comet.onUnload);
}
需要注意的是comet這個對象在初始化(initialize)和超時(timeout)時的處理方法,能夠在IE以及火狐下面表現(xiàn)的完美,不會出現(xiàn)正在加載中標(biāo)志。當(dāng)然超時方法(timeout),是在服務(wù)器端通知客戶端調(diào)用。在Chrome和Opera下面一直有進(jìn)度條顯示,暫時沒有找到好的解決辦法。
后臺處理客戶端請求請求代碼:
/**
* 負(fù)責(zé)客戶端的推送
* @author yongboy
* @date 2011-1-13
* @version 1.0
*/
@WebServlet(urlPatterns = { "/blogpush" }, asyncSupported = true)
public class BlogPushAction extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8546832356595L;
private static final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(BlogPushAction.class);
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "private");
response.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
final PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
// 創(chuàng)建Comet Iframe
writer.println("<!doctype html public \"-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en\">");
writer.println("<script type=\"text/javascript\">var comet = window.parent.comet;</script>");
writer.flush();
final AsyncContext ac = request.startAsync();
ac.setTimeout(10 * 60 * 1000);// 10分鐘時間;tomcat7下默認(rèn)為10000毫秒
ac.addListener(new AsyncListener() {
public void onComplete(AsyncEvent event) throws IOException {
log.info("the event : " + event.toString()
+ " is complete now !");
NewBlogListener.ASYNC_AJAX_QUEUE.remove(ac);
}
public void onTimeout(AsyncEvent event) throws IOException {
log.info("the event : " + event.toString()
+ " is timeout now !");
// 嘗試向客戶端發(fā)送超時方法調(diào)用,客戶端會再次請求/blogpush,周而復(fù)始
log.info("try to notify the client the connection is timeout now ...");
String alertStr = "<script type=\"text/javascript\">comet.timeout();</script>";
writer.println(alertStr);
writer.flush();
writer.close();
NewBlogListener.ASYNC_AJAX_QUEUE.remove(ac);
}
public void onError(AsyncEvent event) throws IOException {
log.info("the event : " + event.toString() + " is error now !");
NewBlogListener.ASYNC_AJAX_QUEUE.remove(ac);
}
public void onStartAsync(AsyncEvent event) throws IOException {
log.info("the event : " + event.toString()
+ " is Start Async now !");
}
});
NewBlogListener.ASYNC_AJAX_QUEUE.add(ac);
}
}
每一個請求都需要request.startAsync(request,response)啟動異步處理,得到AsyncContext對象,設(shè)置超時處理時間(這里設(shè)置10分鐘時間),注冊一個異步監(jiān)聽器。
異步監(jiān)聽器可以在異步請求于啟動、完成、超時、錯誤發(fā)生時得到通知,屬于事件傳遞機(jī)制,從而更好對資源處理等。
在長連接超時(onTimeout)事件中,服務(wù)器會主動通知客戶端再次進(jìn)行請求注冊。
若中間客戶端非正常關(guān)閉,在超時后,服務(wù)器端推送數(shù)量就減少了無效的連接。在真正應(yīng)用中,需要尋覓一個較為理想的值,以保證服務(wù)器的有效連接數(shù),又不至于浪費(fèi)多余的連接。
每一個異步請求會被存放在一個高效并發(fā)隊(duì)列中,在一個線程中統(tǒng)一處理,具體邏輯代碼:
/**
* 監(jiān)聽器單獨(dú)線程推送到客戶端
* @author yongboy
* @date 2011-1-13
* @version 1.0
*/
@WebListener
public class NewBlogListener implements ServletContextListener {
private static final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(NewBlogListener.class);
public static final BlockingQueue<MicBlog> BLOG_QUEUE = new LinkedBlockingDeque<MicBlog>();
public static final Queue<AsyncContext> ASYNC_AJAX_QUEUE = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<AsyncContext>();
private static final String TARGET_STRING = "<script type=\"text/javascript\">comet.showMsg(%s);</script>";
private String getFormatContent(MicBlog blog) {
return String.format(TARGET_STRING, buildJsonString(blog));
}
public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent arg0) {
log.info("context is destroyed!");
}
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent servletContextEvent) {
log.info("context is initialized!");
// 啟動一個線程處理線程隊(duì)列
new Thread(runnable).start();
}
private Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
boolean isDone = true;
while (isDone) {
if (!BLOG_QUEUE.isEmpty()) {
try {
log.info("ASYNC_AJAX_QUEUE size : "
+ ASYNC_AJAX_QUEUE.size());
MicBlog blog = BLOG_QUEUE.take();
if (ASYNC_AJAX_QUEUE.isEmpty()) {
continue;
}
String targetJSON = getFormatContent(blog);
for (AsyncContext context : ASYNC_AJAX_QUEUE) {
if (context == null) {
log.info("the current ASYNC_AJAX_QUEUE is null now !");
continue;
}
log.info(context.toString());
PrintWriter out = context.getResponse().getWriter();
if (out == null) {
log.info("the current ASYNC_AJAX_QUEUE's PrintWriter is null !");
continue;
}
out.println(targetJSON);
out.flush();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
isDone = false;
}
}
}
}
};
private static String buildJsonString(MicBlog blog) {
Map<String, Object> info = new HashMap<String, Object>();
info.put("content", blog.getContent());
info.put("date",
DateFormatUtils.format(blog.getPubDate(), "HH:mm:ss SSS"));
JSONObject jsonObject = JSONObject.fromObject(info);
return jsonObject.toString();
}
}
異步請求上下文AsyncContext獲取輸出對象(response),向客戶端傳遞JSON格式化序列對象,具體怎么解析、顯示,由客戶端(見comet.js)決定。
鑒于Servlet為單實(shí)例多線程,最佳實(shí)踐建議是不要在servlet中啟動單獨(dú)的線程,本文放在ServletContextListener監(jiān)聽器中,以便在WEB站點(diǎn)啟動時中,創(chuàng)建一個獨(dú)立線程,在有新的博文內(nèi)容時,遍歷推送所有已注冊客戶端
整個流程梳理一下:
- 客戶端請求 blog.html
- blog.html的comet.js開始注冊啟動事件
- JS產(chǎn)生一個iframe,在iframe中請求/blogpush,注冊異步連接,設(shè)定超時為10分鐘,注冊異步監(jiān)聽器
- 服務(wù)器接收到請求,添加異步連接到隊(duì)列中
- 客戶端處于等待狀態(tài)(長連接一直建立),等待被調(diào)用
- 后臺發(fā)布新的博客文章
- 博客文章被放入到隊(duì)列中
- 一直在守候的獨(dú)立線程處理博客文章隊(duì)列;把博客文章格式化成JSON對象,一一輪詢推送到客戶端
- 客戶端JS方法被調(diào)用,進(jìn)行JSON對象解析,組裝HTML代碼,顯示在當(dāng)前頁面上
- 超時發(fā)生時,/blogpush通知客戶端已經(jīng)超時,調(diào)用超時(timeout)方法;同時從異步連接隊(duì)列中刪除
- 客戶端接到通知,對iframe進(jìn)行操作,再次進(jìn)行連接請求,重復(fù)步驟2
大致流程圖,如下:
其連接模型,偷懶,借用IBM上一張圖片說明: