小節(jié) 4.8播放音樂Playing Music

Although background music isn't found in every game you play, it can play an important role in a game. Music can set the mood—for example, an action game could play fast-paced music, while slower music might be better suited for a game that requires more thought.

譯：雖然并不是每個游戲都有背景音樂，但背景音樂在游戲中的作用非常重要。音樂可以調(diào)動情緒，如動作游戲可以播放快節(jié)奏的背景音樂而智力游戲更適合慢節(jié)奏的背景音樂。

Also, music can change the player's emotions toward elements of the game. Is the music happy? Or is it dramatic? Happy music might be better suited for the easier levels, such as the first few levels of a game. Dramatic music could be played for the more difficult levels, such as when the player is fighting a powerful bad guy.

譯：此外，音樂還可以改變玩家對游戲元素的情感，音樂是歡快的嗎？是激烈的嗎？輕松歡快的音樂更適合簡單的關(guān)卡，如游戲的前幾個關(guān)卡。而激烈的音樂可以再高難度關(guān)卡播放，如當玩家正在和強大的壞蛋戰(zhàn)斗時。

When you've decided on the type of music you want, the next step is to figure out where the music comes from. Nope, it doesn't come from those voices in your head. Instead, games typically play music in one of three ways:

譯：當你已經(jīng)確定想要的音樂類型以后，下一步就要解決的是音樂的來源。不要懷疑，絕不是來自你腦袋里想到的聲音。游戲通常使用以下三種音樂中的一種：

·         Streaming music from an audio track on a CD    // 來自光盤音頻磁道中的音樂流；

·         Playing compressed music such as MP3 or Ogg Vorbis     //播放MP3 或Ogg Vorbis之類的被壓縮過的音樂；

·         Playing MIDI music      // 播放MIDI（迷笛）音樂。

播放CD音頻    Playing CD Audio

Some CD-ROM games have plain old Red Book Audio (the standard audio CD format) right on the CD. The benefit here is you get great-quality sound and it's easy to implement: Just tell the sound card to start playing the CD, without any other involvement from the game. The other cool aspect is that players can slip the game CD into their audio CD player and groove to the game's tracks.

譯：一些 CD-ROM游戲（光盤游戲）光盤中包含了符合紅皮書標準（標準CD音頻格式）的舊式音頻，好處是音樂的音質(zhì)好，而且容易實現(xiàn)：只要讓聲卡開始播放光盤，而不必讓游戲參與任何工作。另一個好處是玩家可以將游戲光盤放進音頻光盤播放器中，刻錄游戲的音軌。

Unfortunately, CD audio takes up a lot of space, typically around 30MB for a three-minute song. If you have four three-minute songs, that's 120MB of space that could be used for more graphics or bigger levels. In addition, the Java Sound implementation doesn't support playback from a CD, so this option is out for you.

譯：但是，CD音頻占用空間比較大，通常時長三分鐘的歌曲要39 MB。如果游戲中需要使用四個時長三分鐘的歌曲，則會占用120MB的空間，而這些被占用的空間本來可以用于更多的圖形和較大的游戲關(guān)卡。另外。Java Sound實現(xiàn)不支持播放CD音頻，因此無法選擇CD音頻。

播放MP3與Vorbis   /  Playing MP3 and Ogg Vorbis

The second option is compressed music. MP3 and Ogg Vorbis formats are much smaller than that for CD audio, typically around 3MB for a three-minute song, and have near-CD quality. They've become increasingly more popular in games.

譯：第二個選項是壓縮音樂。MP3和 Ogg Vorbis格式比CD音頻小的多，通常三分鐘歌曲只有3MB左右，而且音質(zhì)接近CD，在游戲中越來越普及。

The drawback here is that decoding MP3 or Ogg Vorbis files takes quite a chunk of processor power. Sound cards can't play compressed music directly, so the music is decoded while it's played. This means the extra processor use can interfere with other parts of your game. On faster, modern machines, the decoding won't be noticeable, but on slower, older machines, the decoding could take 20% to 40% of the processor or more. That could make other parts of the game, such as animation, seem slow or jerky.

譯：壓縮音樂的缺點在于編碼  MP3和Ogg Vorbis文件需要占用大量處理器資源。聲卡不能直接播放壓縮音樂，因此要邊播放邊解碼。過多的處理器資源被占用可能會影響游戲的其他部分的運行。在現(xiàn)代高速計算機上，解碼的影響并不明顯，但在老式低速計算機上，解碼占用處理器資源高達的20%到40%，甚至更多。這就有可能使游戲其他部分看起來運行緩慢或閃爍，比如動畫。

If the processor time doesn't matter to your game, you'll need to get an MP3 or Ogg Vorbis Java decoder. Java Zoom, at www.javazoom.net, has both. This site provides a plug-in through Java's Service Provider Interface that enables you to get an AudioInputStream that decodes an MP3 or Ogg Vorbis stream. Just include the necessary .jar file, and be sure to convert the AudioInputStream, like so:

譯：如果對你的游戲來說處理器不是問題，那么你還需要獲得 MP3和Ogg Vorbis的解碼器。在java Zoom網(wǎng)站上（網(wǎng)址 www.javazoom.net）你可以獲得這兩個解碼器。該站點提供基于Java's Service Provider Interface 編寫的插件，通過它可以獲得解碼MP3或OGG Vorbis流得到的AudioInputStream 。你只需要將必要的.Jar文件包含到你的應(yīng)用中，并確保將AudioInputStream進行如下轉(zhuǎn)換：

名詞解釋：Service Provider Interface（服務(wù)提供商接口），滿足某種服務(wù)標準的供應(yīng)商提供的符合該標準的應(yīng)用程序接口，SPI應(yīng)該和該服務(wù)的API標準是兼容的，應(yīng)用程序一般應(yīng)該是基于API編寫，除非是SPI中包含API中沒有提供的功能而又必須使用。

// create the format used for playback 

// (uncompressed, 44100Hz, 16-bit, mono, signed)

//創(chuàng)建播放采用的格式（ 未壓縮，44100Hz,16位，單聲道，帶符號，以little-endian字節(jié)順序存儲單個樣本中的數(shù)據(jù)）

AudioFormat playbackFormat =

    new AudioFormat(44100, 16, 1, true, false);

// open the source file  //打開源文件

AudioInputStream source =

    AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(new File("music.ogg"));

// convert to playback format   //轉(zhuǎn)換成變成播放格式

source = AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(playbackFormat, source);

Also, be sure not to load the samples into memory. A compressed sound file might take up only 1MB for each minute of music, but the uncompressed samples would take 10MB for each minute. Instead, play any large sounds directly from the AudioInputStream, which streams the sound from disk.

譯：壓縮聲音文件每分鐘可能只有1MB，但解壓縮后的樣本則可能高達10MB。因此，一定不要把樣本裝載到內(nèi)存中。相反，我們直接通過 AudioInputStream播放從磁盤打開的大體積聲音。

But which one should your game use, MP3 or Ogg Vorbis? Although MP3 is incredibly popular, Ogg Vorbis is license-free and claims better sound quality. The people playing your game won't notice or care, so go with whichever one suits your needs better. You can find more information on Ogg Vorbis at www.xiph.org/ogg/vorbis. Also, be sure to look into MP3 licensing issues at www.mp3licensing.com.

譯：那么我們在游戲中選MP3還是Ogg Vorbis呢？盡管MP3已經(jīng)越來越普及，但是Ogg Vorbis是無需可證的，而且音質(zhì)更好。由于玩家不在乎音樂的格式，所以你可以選擇更符合游戲需求的。你可以在www.xiph.org/ogg/vorbis 找到關(guān)于Ogg vorbis 的更多信息。在www.mp3licensing.com可以了解MP3許可證的信息。

播放MIDI音樂  Playing MIDI Music

Finally, there's MIDI music. MIDI music isn't sampled music like other sound formats; instead, it works more like a composer's sheet music, giving instructions on which note to play on each instrument. The audio system synthesizes to each note according to the pitch, instrument, and volume, among other parameters.

譯：最后我們來了解MIDI音樂。MIDI音樂不是樣本音樂那樣的聲音格式，而是類似與作曲家的樂譜，通過指令指示樂器播放什么音符。音頻系統(tǒng)會根據(jù)音調(diào)，樂器，音高和其他參數(shù)平，合成每個音符。

Because MIDI files contain instructions instead of samples, MIDI files are very small compared to sampled sound formats and are often measured in kilobytes rather than megabytes.

譯：因為MIDI文件包含指令而不是樣本，因此比采樣聲音格式小的多，其大小通常都是以KB單位，而不是MB。

Because the music is synthesized, the quality might not be as high as that of sampled music. Some instruments won't sound realistic, or the music might sound a little too mechanical. A creative musician can usually mask the deficiencies of MIDI music, however.

譯：因為MIDI音樂是人工合成的，通常它的音質(zhì)不如采樣音樂。一些樂器聽起來不夠逼真，可能聽起來有點兒過于機械。然而又創(chuàng)造力的音樂家通常能夠掩蓋MIDI音樂的缺陷。

The Java Sound API synthesizes MIDI music through the use of a soundbank, which is a collection of instruments. Unfortunately, although the Java SDK includes a soundbank, the Java runtime does not. If a soundbank isn't found, the hardware MIDI port, which has unreliable timing in Java Sound, is used. For this reason, it's recommended to use a soundban1k.

譯：Java  Sound API 通過聲音樂隊（sound bank 程序模擬的一組樂器）合成MIDI音樂。不幸的是雖然Java SDK中包含聲音樂隊，而Java運行時環(huán)境卻不包含。如果找不到聲音樂隊，則會使用硬件MIDI端口，它的定時功能不穩(wěn)定。所以，建議使用聲音樂隊。

The Java SDK includes a minimal-quality soundbank, and you can download higher-quality soundbanks from http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/sound/soundbanks.html and include them with your game.

譯：Java SDK中的聲音樂隊效果很差，你可以到http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/sound/soundbanks.html下載高質(zhì)量的聲音樂隊并將其包含在你的游戲中。

The Java Sound API provides MIDI sound capabilities in the javax.sound.midi package. To play MIDI music, you need two objects in this package: Sequence and Sequencer. A Sequence object contains the MIDI data, and a Sequencer sends a Sequence to the MIDI synthesizer. Here's an example of playing a MIDI file:

譯：Java Sound API 在java.soundbaks.midi包中提供了MIDI聲音功能。要播放MIDI樂音，需要這個包中的2個對象：Sequence和Sequencer。Sequence對象包含MIDI數(shù)據(jù)。而Sequencer能將一個Sequence發(fā)送到MIDI合成器中。下面是播放MIDI音樂的例子：

// open the midi file   // 打開midi文件

Sequence sequence = MidiSystem.getSequence(new File(filename));

// open the sequencer  //打打開序例化器

Sequencer sequencer = MidiSystem.getSequencer();

sequencer.open();

// play the midi sequence  //播放midi序例

sequencer.setSequence(sequence);

sequencer.start();

By default, the Sequencer plays a Sequence once and then stops. But in a game, you usually want to loop the music. To loop a Sequence, you need to be notified when the music is done playing and start the Sequencer again.

譯：默認情況下，Sequencer播放Sequence一次，然后停止。但游戲中通常需要循環(huán)播放音樂。要循環(huán)Sequence，就要在音樂播放完畢時重新啟動Sequencer。

An example of how to loop music is in the MidiPlayer class in Listing 4.11. It implements the MetaEventListener interface, which notifies the class when the Sequence is done playing via the end-of-track message.

譯：清單4.11的MidiPlayer類是循環(huán)播放音樂的例子。它實現(xiàn)MetaEventListener接口，通過軌道末尾消息通知音樂播放已經(jīng)完畢了。

清單  Listing 4.11 MidiPlayer.java

package com.brackeen.javagamebook.sound;

import java.io.File;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.sound.midi.*;

public class MidiPlayer implements MetaEventListener {

    // Midi meta event  //Midi事件

    public static final int END_OF_TRACK_MESSAGE = 47;

    private Sequencer sequencer;

    private boolean loop;

    private boolean paused;

    /**

        Creates a new MidiPlayer object.//創(chuàng)建一個新的MidiPlayer對象

    */

    public MidiPlayer() {

        try {

            sequencer = MidiSystem.getSequencer();

            sequencer.open();

            sequencer.addMetaEventListener(this);

        }

        catch ( MidiUnavailableException ex) {

            sequencer = null;

        }

    }

    /**

        Loads a sequence from the file system. Returns null if

an error occurs. 從文件系統(tǒng)中載入序例，當發(fā)生錯誤時返回null

    */

    public Sequence getSequence(String filename) {

        try {

            return MidiSystem.getSequence(new File(filename));

        }

        catch (InvalidMidiDataException ex) {

            ex.printStackTrace();

            return null;

        }

        catch (IOException ex) {

            ex.printStackTrace();

            return null;

        }

    }

/**

        Plays a sequence, optionally looping. This method returns

        immediately. The sequence is not played if it is invalid.

    播放sequence ，可以循環(huán)或不循環(huán)。這個方法立即返回。不可用的sequence將不會被播放

    */

    public void play(Sequence sequence, boolean loop) {

        if (sequencer != null && sequence != null) {

            try {

                sequencer.setSequence(sequence);

                sequencer.start();

                this.loop = loop;

            }

            catch (InvalidMidiDataException ex) {

                ex.printStackTrace();

            }

        }

    }

    /**

        This method is called by the sound system when a meta

        event occurs. In this case, when the end-of-track meta

        event is received, the sequence is restarted if

        looping is on.

發(fā)生元事件時，這個方法將被聲音系統(tǒng)調(diào)用。當收到軌道末尾元事件時，如果處于循環(huán)播放模式，則sequence重新啟動。

    */

    public void meta(MetaMessage event) {

        if (event.getType() == END_OF_TRACK_MESSAGE) {

            if (sequencer != null && sequencer.isOpen() && loop) {

                sequencer.start();

            }

        }

    }

/**

    停止sequencer，將其復(fù)位為0

        Stops the sequencer and resets its position to 0.

    */

    public void stop() {

         if (sequencer != null && sequencer.isOpen()) {

             sequencer.stop();

             sequencer.setMicrosecondPosition(0);

         }

    }

    /**

        Closes the sequencer.   //關(guān)閉sequencer

    */

    public void close() {

         if (sequencer != null && sequencer.isOpen()) {

             sequencer.close();

         }

    }

    /**

        Gets the sequencer.  //獲得sequencer

    */

    public Sequencer getSequencer() {

        return sequencer;

    }

    /**

        Sets the paused state. Music may not immediately pause.

設(shè)置暫停狀態(tài)，音樂不一定立即停止

    */

    public void setPaused(boolean paused) {

        if (this.paused != paused && sequencer != null) {

            this.paused = paused;

            if (paused) {

                sequencer.stop();

            }

            else {

                sequencer.start();

            }

        }

    }

    /**

        Returns the paused state.  //返回暫停狀態(tài)

    */

    public boolean isPaused() {

        return paused;

    }

}

MidiPlayer also provides methods for opening Sequences and pausing the music. To pause, MidiPlayer calls the stop() method of the Sequencer object, which stops the Sequence without resetting its position. Calling start() resumes the paused sequence. All this happens in MidiPlayer's setPaused() method.

譯：MidiPlayer還提供打開Sequence 和暫停播放音樂的方法。要暫停音樂，MidiPlayer調(diào)用Sequencer對象的stop()方法，在不復(fù)位的情況下停止播放Sequence 。調(diào)用Start()方法則繼續(xù)播放暫停的sequence 。這一切都在MidiPlayer的setPaused()方法中實現(xiàn)。

創(chuàng)建自適應(yīng)的音樂Creating Adaptive Music

Now that you can play MIDI music, let's discuss one of its advantages: easy implementation of adaptive music. Adaptive music is music that changes based on the state of the game. For instance, if the player is battling a large number of enemies, the music might be fast and loud. Conversely, the music might be quiet when the player is walking around exploring rooms alone.

譯：現(xiàn)在你能夠播放MIDI音樂了，接著讓我們來討論一下MIDI音樂的一個優(yōu)點：很容易實現(xiàn)自適應(yīng)的音樂。自適應(yīng)音樂是根據(jù)游戲狀態(tài)自動改變的音樂。如玩家正在與大量的敵人戰(zhàn)斗，則音樂可能快速而激烈，相反，當玩家單獨在房屋中搜索時，音樂聲會非常小。

The change in music could happen at any time—for example, the player could be strolling along one second, and then 100 robots could be trying to kill him the next. So, changing the music smoothly can be a challenge.

譯：音樂的改變可能隨時發(fā)生，例如玩家前一秒可能還沒有遇到一個敵人，后一秒突然有100個機器人要殺他。因此，想要平滑地改變音樂是一個很大的挑戰(zhàn)。

You can adapt songs to the game state in two ways:

譯：可以用2種方法在游戲狀態(tài)中適配音樂：

·         Change songs       改變歌曲；

·         Modify the song currently playing   修改當前播放的歌曲。

Because the actions of a player can change at any time, changing songs is a more difficult task. The change can't be abrupt, or it will be distracting. Songs can be designed so that they have "change points" to signify places where a song change can occur.

譯：由于玩家的動作可能隨時改變，因此實時改變歌曲是一個非常困難的任務(wù)。音樂的改變不能太突然，否則會分散注意力。歌曲可以被設(shè)計包含一些 “變化點”，以指示一首歌曲在哪里可以發(fā)生改變。

Also, songs need to transition smoothly. To do this, the first song can fade out while the next song is fading in. Also, while the first song is fading out, its tempo could change to match the tempo of the next song.

譯：歌曲需要平滑地過度。為此，當切換音樂時可以讓前一首歌逐漸退出，后一首歌逐漸進入。另外，在前一首歌逐漸退出時，其速度可以漸變成后一首歌的速度。

Or, you could just take the easy way out and insert a sound of a scratching phonograph needle。

譯：或者，你可以簡單地取出和插入一個聲音的一個刻痕留聲機針。（這句翻不成，在網(wǎng)上翻譯的，高手幫著看看）

The second option is to simply modify the exiting song. You can do this by changing the tempo or volume, or adding another instrument to it.

譯：第二個選擇是簡單地修正在退出的歌曲。你可以改變歌曲的速度或音量，或添加另一個樂器到歌曲中。

Adding or taking away an instrument is easy to do with MIDI sequences. MIDI music is typically organized into tracks, with each track playing a specific instrument. For instance, there might be one track for guitar, one for keyboards, and so on.

譯：MIDI sequence很容易添加和移除樂器。MIDI音樂通常由多音軌組成，每一個音軌演奏特定的樂器。例如，可以有一個吉他音軌，一個鍵盤音軌等。

You can mute or unmute a track with one method:

譯：可以調(diào)用一個方法開啟或關(guān)閉某個音軌的聲音：

sequencer.setTrackMute(trackNum, true);

Here, trackNum is an integer representing the track number you want to mute. If you don't know what track belongs to what instrument in your MIDI file, you might have to experiment by muting each track, one by one.

譯：其中參數(shù)trackNum是整型，表示要靜音的音軌號。如果不知道MIDI文件中那個音軌屬與那個樂器，你可以將所有音軌一個一個地靜音，來通過實驗辨別。

Listing 4.12 MidiTest.java

import java.io.File;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.sound.midi.*;

import com.brackeen.javagamebook.sound.MidiPlayer;

/**

    An example that plays a Midi sequence. First, the sequence

    is played once with track 1 turned off. Then the sequence is

    played once with track 1 turned on. Track 1 is the drum track

in the example midi file.

一個播放 MIDI sequence 的例子。首先，sequence 在音軌1被關(guān)閉的情況下被播放了一次。然后，sequence 在音軌1被打開的情況下被播放了一次。音軌1是樣例文件的鼓樂音軌。

*/

public class MidiTest implements MetaEventListener {

    // The drum track in the example Midi file 鼓樂音軌

    private static final int DRUM_TRACK = 1;

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        new MidiTest().run();

    }

    private MidiPlayer player;

    public void run() {

        player = new MidiPlayer();

        // load a sequence  加載 sequence  

        Sequence sequence =

            player.getSequence("../sounds/music.midi");

        // play the sequence  播放 sequence  

        player.play(sequence, true);

        // turn off the drums  關(guān)閉 鼓

        System.out.println("Playing (without drums)...");

        Sequencer sequencer = player.getSequencer();

        sequencer.setTrackMute(DRUM_TRACK, true);

        sequencer.addMetaEventListener(this);

    }

    /**

        This method is called by the sound system when a meta

        event occurs. In this case, when the end-of-track meta

        event is received, the drum track is turned on.

        當一個元事件發(fā)生時聲音系統(tǒng)會調(diào)用該方法。當收到音軌末尾元事件，鼓樂音軌被打開。

    */

public void meta(MetaMessage event) {

        if (event.getType() == MidiPlayer.END_OF_TRACK_MESSAGE) {

            Sequencer sequencer = player.getSequencer();

            if (sequencer.getTrackMute(DRUM_TRACK)) {

                // turn on the drum track  打開鼓樂音軌

                System.out.println("Turning on drums...");

                sequencer.setTrackMute(DRUM_TRACK, false);

            }

            else {

                // close the sequencer and exit  關(guān)閉 sequencer 并退出虛擬機

                System.out.println("Exiting...");

                player.close();

                System.exit(0);

            }

        }

    }

}

Just like when you play sampled sound, you must explicitly exit the VM when you're done. MidiTest exits the VM when it receives the second end-of-track message.

譯：就像你播放樣本音樂一樣，你必須在播放完畢時明確地退出虛擬機。MidiTest 在收到第二個音軌末尾消息時退出虛擬機。

總結(jié)Summary

In this chapter, you learned the basics of sound, sound filters, and music. You made real-time echo and psuedo-3D filters, and you created a cool sound manager to handle game sound effects. You also made some adaptive music and learned how to play back MP3 and Ogg Vorbis sound files. Combining this knowledge with graphics and interactivity from the previous chapters, you're ready to create your own game.

譯：在本章中，你學(xué)習(xí)了聲音基礎(chǔ)、聲音過濾器和播放音樂的相關(guān)知識，創(chuàng)建了實時回響過濾器和偽-3D過濾器，還創(chuàng)建了一個很酷的聲音管理器用于處理游戲聲效。你也創(chuàng)建了一些自適應(yīng)音樂并學(xué)習(xí)了如何播放MP3 和 Ogg Vorbis 音頻文件。將這些知識結(jié)合前面章節(jié)學(xué)習(xí)的圖形和交互性知識，你已經(jīng)做好準備，可以開始創(chuàng)建自己的游戲了。

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