2016年8月31日
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Java 8之前,同一注解不能在相同的目標元素上多次使用,例如,如下的注解在Java 8之前是不允許的:
public class SampleClass {
@Quality("Security")
@Quality("Performance")
@Quality("Readability")
public void foo(){
//
}
}
Java 8引入了Repeatable注解(@Repeatable)可以解決這一問題,但光有可重復的注解定義還不夠,還需要它的容器注解,兩者一起來實現可重復注解的使用。實例如下:
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
@Repeatable (Qualities.class)
public @interface Quality {
String value();
}
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
public @interface Qualities {
Quality[] value();
}
其中,Quality是可重復注解,由@Repeatable注解標明,它的容器注解是Qualities,用于存放所有可重復的Quality(存貯在Quality[]中);同時還要注意可重復注解和它的容器注解的目標元素必須是一樣的(這也不言自明)。如此這般,我們最開始的
SampleClass 在Java 8環境下就可以安全使用了。
以下單例實現思想來自《Java Design Patterns: A Programmer's Approach》.
該方法利用了Java缺省的Lazy類實例化機制克服了傳統單例模式實現中Lazy實例化方式的不足。
public class Singleton {
private Singleton(){}
public static Singleton getInstance(){
return Helper.instance;
}
static class Helper {
private static Singleton instance = new Singleton();
}
}
以下轉自StackOverflow(
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5074063/maven-error-failure-to-transfer),親測可用。
This worked for me in Windows as well.
- Locate the {user}/.m2/repository (Using Juno /Win7 here)
- In the Search field in upper right of window, type ".lastupdated". Windows will look through all subfolders for these files in the directory. (I did not look through cache.)
- Remove them by Right-click > Delete (I kept all of the lastupdated.properties).
- Then go back into Eclipse, Right-click on the project and select Maven > Update Project. I selected to "Force Update of Snapshots/Releases". Click Ok and the dependencies finally resolved correctly.
當我們寫Groovy腳本代碼的時候,有時會發生編譯錯誤,如下:
- Groovy:Invalid duplicate class definition of class XXX : The source XXXX\XXX.groovy contains at least two
definitions of the class XXX.
- The type XXX is already defined
原因在于Groovy會把.groovy代碼文件作為腳本或類定義來處理,例如如下代碼:
class Order {
def security
def value
private buy_sell(su, closure) {
security = su[0]
quantity = su[1]
closure()
}
def getTo() {
this
}
}
def methodMissing(String name, args) {
order.metaClass.getMetaProperty(name).setProperty(order, args)
}
def getNewOrder() {
order = new Order()
}
Integer.metaClass.getShares = { -> delegate }
Groovy會把上述代碼作為腳本處理,同時缺省用文件名來作為一個外圍類類包括整個腳本程序,此時,如果該文件名恰好也是Order的話,那么就會出現重復的類定義錯誤提示。
解決辦法是將腳本文件名取另外一個不同的名字。