?為了方便起見(jiàn),建立了以下簡(jiǎn)單模型,和構(gòu)造了部分測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù):
? 在某個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)受理子系統(tǒng)BSS中,
? --客戶資料表
? create table customers
? (
?? customer_id?? number(8)??? not null,? -- 客戶標(biāo)示
?? city_name???? varchar2(10) not null,? -- 所在城市
?? customer_type char(2)????? not null,? -- 客戶類型
?
?? ...
? )
? create unique index PK_customers on customers (customer_id)
? 由于某些原因,客戶所在城市這個(gè)信息并不什么準(zhǔn)確,但是在
? 客戶服務(wù)部的CRM子系統(tǒng)中,通過(guò)主動(dòng)服務(wù)獲取了部分客戶20%的所在
? 城市等準(zhǔn)確信息,于是你將該部分信息提取至一張臨時(shí)表中:
? create table tmp_cust_city
? (
?? customer_id??? number(8) not null,
?? citye_name???? varchar2(10) not null,
?? customer_type? char(2)?? not null
? )
?
1) 最簡(jiǎn)單的形式
?? --經(jīng)確認(rèn)customers表中所有customer_id小于1000均為'北京'
?? --1000以內(nèi)的均是公司走向全國(guó)之前的本城市的老客戶:)
?? update customers
?? set??? city_name='北京'
?? where? customer_id<1000
2) 兩表(多表)關(guān)聯(lián)update -- 僅在where字句中的連接
?? --這次提取的數(shù)據(jù)都是VIP,且包括新增的,所以順便更新客戶類別
?? update customers? a?????? -- 使用別名
?? set??? customer_type='01' --01 為vip,00為普通
?? where? exists (select 1
????????????????? from?? tmp_cust_city b
????????????????? where? b.customer_id=a.customer_id
???????????????? )
3) 兩表(多表)關(guān)聯(lián)update -- 被修改值由另一個(gè)表運(yùn)算而來(lái)
?? update customers a?? -- 使用別名
?? set??? city_name=(select b.city_name from tmp_cust_city b where b.customer_id=a.customer_id)
?? where? exists (select 1
????????????????? from?? tmp_cust_city b
????????????????? where? b.customer_id=a.customer_id
???????????????? )
?? -- update 超過(guò)2個(gè)值
?? update customers a?? -- 使用別名
?? set??? (city_name,customer_type)=(select b.city_name,b.customer_type
???????????????????????????????????? from?? tmp_cust_city b
???????????????????????????????????? where? b.customer_id=a.customer_id)
?? where? exists (select 1
????????????????? from?? tmp_cust_city b
????????????????? where? b.customer_id=a.customer_id
???????????????? )
?? 注意在這個(gè)語(yǔ)句中,
?????????????????????????????????? =(select b.city_name,b.customer_type
???????????????????????????????????? from?? tmp_cust_city b
???????????????????????????????????? where? b.customer_id=a.customer_id
??????????????????????????????????? )
?? 與
???????????????? (select 1
????????????????? from?? tmp_cust_city b
????????????????? where? b.customer_id=a.customer_id
???????????????? )
?? 是兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的子查詢,查看執(zhí)行計(jì)劃可知,對(duì)b表/索引掃描了2篇;
?? 如果舍棄where條件,則默認(rèn)對(duì)A表進(jìn)行全表
?? 更新,但由于(select b.city_name from tmp_cust_city b where where? b.customer_id=a.customer_id)
?? 有可能不能提供"足夠多"值,因?yàn)閠mp_cust_city只是一部分客戶的信息,
?? 所以報(bào)錯(cuò)(如果指定的列--city_name可以為NULL則另當(dāng)別論):
??
01407, 00000, "cannot update (%s) to NULL"
// *Cause:
// *Action:
?? 一個(gè)替代的方法可以采用:
?? update customers a?? -- 使用別名
?? set??? city_name=nvl((select b.city_name from tmp_cust_city b where b.customer_id=a.customer_id),a.city_name)
?? 或者
?? set??? city_name=nvl((select b.city_name from tmp_cust_city b where b.customer_id=a.customer_id),'未知')
?? -- 當(dāng)然這不符合業(yè)務(wù)邏輯了
4) 上述3)在一些情況下,因?yàn)锽表的紀(jì)錄只有A表的20-30%的紀(jì)錄數(shù),
?? 考慮A表使用INDEX的情況,使用cursor也許會(huì)比關(guān)聯(lián)update帶來(lái)更好的性能:
??
set serveroutput on
declare
??? cursor city_cur is
??? select customer_id,city_name
??? from?? tmp_cust_city
??? order by customer_id;
begin
??? for my_cur in city_cur loop
??????? update customers
??????? set??? city_name=my_cur.city_name
??????? where? customer_id=my_cur.customer_id;
??????
?????? /** 此處也可以單條/分批次提交,避免鎖表情況 **/
--???? if mod(city_cur%rowcount,10000)=0 then
--??????? dbms_output.put_line('----');
--??????? commit;
--???? end if;
??? end loop;
end;
5) 關(guān)聯(lián)update的一個(gè)特例以及性能再探討
?? 在oracle的update語(yǔ)句語(yǔ)法中,除了可以u(píng)pdate表之外,也可以是視圖,所以有以下1個(gè)特例:
??? update (select a.city_name,b.city_name as new_name
??????????? from?? customers a,
?????????????????? tmp_cust_city b
??????????? where? b.customer_id=a.customer_id
?????????? )
??? set??? city_name=new_name
??? 這樣能避免對(duì)B表或其索引的2次掃描,但前提是 A(customer_id) b(customer_id)必需是unique index
??? 或primary key。否則報(bào)錯(cuò):
???
01779, 00000, "cannot modify a column which maps to a non key-preserved table"
// *Cause: An attempt was made to insert or update columns of a join view which
//???????? map to a non-key-preserved table.
// *Action: Modify the underlying base tables directly.
6)oracle另一個(gè)常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤
?? 回到3)情況,由于某些原因,tmp_cust_city customer_id 不是唯一index/primary key
?? update customers a?? -- 使用別名
?? set??? city_name=(select b.city_name from tmp_cust_city b where b.customer_id=a.customer_id)
?? where? exists (select 1
????????????????? from?? tmp_cust_city b
????????????????? where? b.customer_id=a.customer_id
???????????????? )
?? 當(dāng)對(duì)于一個(gè)給定的a.customer_id
?? (select b.city_name from tmp_cust_city b where b.customer_id=a.customer_id)
?? 返回多余1條的情況,則會(huì)報(bào)如下錯(cuò)誤:
??
01427, 00000, "single-row subquery returns more than one row"
// *Cause:
// *Action:
?? 一個(gè)比較簡(jiǎn)單近似于不負(fù)責(zé)任的做法是
?? update customers a?? -- 使用別名
?? set??? city_name=(select b.city_name from tmp_cust_city b where b.customer_id=a.customer_id and rownum=1)
?? 如何理解 01427 錯(cuò)誤,在一個(gè)很復(fù)雜的多表連接update的語(yǔ)句,經(jīng)常因考慮不周,出現(xiàn)這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤,
?? 仍已上述例子來(lái)描述,一個(gè)比較簡(jiǎn)便的方法就是將A表代入 值表達(dá)式 中,使用group by 和
?? having 字句查看重復(fù)的紀(jì)錄
?? (select b.customer_id,b.city_name,count(*)
??? from tmp_cust_city b,customers a
??? where b.customer_id=a.customer_id
??? group by b.customer_id,b.city_name
??? having count(*)>=2
?? )