勤奮的 litaocheng 同學(xué),在每日超負(fù)荷的加班工作之余,仍然刻苦學(xué)習(xí)筆耕不輟,為我們不斷帶來(lái)勁爆文章,這一篇《Erlang的Unicode支持》為我們介紹了 R13 的最新特性,也是最被大家期望的特性——內(nèi)置的 Unicode 支持。廢話少說(shuō),直接上正文。
在R13A中, Erlang加入了對(duì)Unicode的支持。本文涉及到的數(shù)據(jù)類型包括:list, binary, 涉及到的模塊包括stdlib/unicode, stdlib/io, kernel/file。
Binary
Binary的type屬性增加了utf相關(guān)的type:utf8, utf16, utf32,其分別對(duì)應(yīng)UTF8, UTF16,UTF32編碼。
Binary Constructing
在Binary構(gòu)建時(shí), 如果指定了utf相關(guān)類型,那么對(duì)應(yīng)的integer的Value必須位于:0..16#D7FF, 16#E000..16#FFFD, 或者 16#10000..16#10FFFF這三個(gè)區(qū)間中。否則將會(huì)提示’bad argument’,參數(shù)錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)指定的的utf類型不同,同一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生的binary不同。
對(duì)于utf8,每個(gè)integer生成1到4個(gè)字符;對(duì)于utf16,每個(gè)integer生成2或4個(gè)字符;對(duì)于utf32,每個(gè)integer生成4個(gè)字符。
比如, 使用unicode為1024的字符A, 構(gòu)建一個(gè)binary:
1> <<1024/utf8>>.
<<208,128>>
2> <<1024/utf16>>.
<<4,0>>
3> <<1024/utf32>>.
<<0,0,4,0>>
Binary Match
當(dāng)進(jìn)行Binary Match時(shí),如果指定utf相關(guān)類型,變量成功匹配后,將擁有一個(gè)位于:0..16#D7FF, 16#E000..16#FFFD, 或者 16#10000..16#10FFFF這三個(gè)區(qū)間中的integer。
其更具utf類型的不同,消耗(match)不同數(shù)目的bytes。
- utf8匹配1-4個(gè)bytes(參考RFC-2279)
- utf16匹配2 或 4 個(gè)bytes (參考 RFC-2781)
- utf32匹配4個(gè) bytes
比如:繼續(xù)我們上面的例子
4> Bin = <<1024/utf8>>.
<<208,128>>
5> <<U/utf8>> = Bin.
<<208,128>>
6> U.
1024
這個(gè)例子中,U匹配了2個(gè)bytes。對(duì)于utf相關(guān)類型,不能指定unit spec。
List
在list中,每個(gè)unicode字符采用integer來(lái)表示,因此與latin1的list相比,unicode list中,element的數(shù)值可以大于255。下面就是一個(gè)有效的unicode list: [1024, 1025]
我們可以通過(guò)unicode 模塊實(shí)現(xiàn) list到binary的轉(zhuǎn)換。
unicode module
首先請(qǐng)參看下面的type定義:
unicode_binary() = binary() with characters encoded in UTF-8 coding standard
unicode_char() = integer() representing valid unicode codepoint
chardata() = charlist() | unicode_binary()
charlist() = [unicode_char() | unicode_binary() | charlist()]
a unicode_binary is allowed as the tail of the list
external_unicode_binary() = binary() with characters coded in a user specified Unicode encoding other than UTF-8 (UTF-16 or UTF-32)
external_chardata() = external_charlist() | external_unicode_binary()
external_charlist() = [unicode_char() | external_unicode_binary() | external_charlist()]
an external_unicode_binary is allowed as the tail of the list
latin1_binary() = binary() with characters coded in iso-latin-1
latin1_char() = integer() representing valid latin1 character (0-255)
latin1_chardata() = latin1_charlist() | latin1_binary()
latin1_charlist() = [latin1_char() | latin1_binary() | latin1_charlist()]
a latin1_binary is allowed as the tail of the list
我們可以調(diào)用unicode:characters_to_list/1 將chardata或latin1_chardata或external_chardata()轉(zhuǎn)化成一個(gè)unicode list。
如果參數(shù)為latin1_chardata,那么Data參數(shù)就是一個(gè)iodata. 返回的結(jié)果list中,每個(gè)element為一個(gè)integer。默認(rèn)情況 unicode:characters_to_list/1調(diào)用unicode:characters_to_list(Data, unicode)
如果我們的CharData為其他類型,我們可以指明InEncoding type。如果此函數(shù)執(zhí)行成功,返回{ok, List},如果失敗返回{error, list(), RestData}, 其中l(wèi)ist為轉(zhuǎn)化成功的部分,RestData為發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤的位置。
我們也可以調(diào)用unicode:characters_to_binary/1,將chardata或latin1_chardata或 external_chardata()轉(zhuǎn)化成一個(gè)binary。這個(gè)函數(shù)和unicode:characters_to_list類似,只是結(jié)果保存為 binary。
如果Data為latin1_chardata, 那么unicode:characters_to_binary/1和 erlang:iolist_to_binary/1功能相同
unicode模塊中,還有兩個(gè)于bom相關(guān)的函數(shù),可以根據(jù)bom指返回對(duì)應(yīng)的encoding類型,也可以根據(jù)encoding類型生成對(duì)應(yīng)的bom值。其在保存文件時(shí),經(jīng)常使用.
Examples
1, 打開(kāi)utf8保存的文件
文件內(nèi)容如下test.file:
[
{desc, "這是一個(gè)測(cè)試文件"},
{author, "litaocheng"}
].
其格式為erlang term,保存時(shí)選擇utf8編碼。
代碼如下:
- %% read content from the file
- test1() ->
- {ok, [Terms]} = file:consult("test.txt"),
- Desc = proplists:get_value(desc, Terms),
- _Author = proplists:get_value(author, Terms),
-
- % out put the Desc and Author
- DescUniBin = iolist_to_binary(Desc),
- DescUniList = unicode:characters_to_list(DescUniBin),
- io:format("desc bin : ~ts~ndesc bin : ~p~n",[DescUniBin,DescUniBin]),
- io:format("desc list: ~ts~ndesc list: ~p~n", [DescUniList,DescUniList]).
結(jié)果:
desc bin : 這是一個(gè)測(cè)試文件
desc bin : <<232,191,153,230,152,175,228,184,128,228,184,170,230,181,139,232,
175,149,230,150,135,228,187,182>>
desc list: 這是一個(gè)測(cè)試文件
desc list: [36825,26159,19968,20010,27979,35797,25991,20214]
首先將內(nèi)容從list轉(zhuǎn)換為binary, DescUniBin 便是對(duì)應(yīng)的unicode binary。隨后通過(guò)unicode:characters_to_list/1轉(zhuǎn)化為unicode list最后輸出。
我們可以看到 unicode list中所有的element為integer, unicode binary中unicode string采用uft8編碼。
2, 將數(shù)據(jù)保存成uft8格式
- %% save the binary in utf8 format
- test2() ->
- [DescList] = io_lib:format("~ts", ["這是一個(gè)測(cè)試文件"]),
- DescBin = erlang:iolist_to_binary(DescList),
- DescList2 = unicode:characters_to_list(DescBin),
- List = lists:concat(["[{desc,\"", DescList2, "\"}, {author,\"litaocheng\"}]."]),
- Bin = unicode:characters_to_binary(List),
- io:format("bin is:~ts~n", [Bin]),
- file:write_file("test_out.txt", Bin).
這個(gè)例子的完整代碼如下:
- -module(unicode_test).
- -compile([export_all]).
-
- %%
- %% the test.txt content:
- %% [
- %% {desc, "這是一個(gè)測(cè)試文件"},
- %% {author, "litaocheng"}
- %% ].
- %%
-
- test() ->
- test2(),
- test1().
-
- %% read content from the file
- test1() ->
- {ok, [Term]} = file:consult("test_out.txt"),
- Desc = proplists:get_value(desc, Term),
- _Author = proplists:get_value(author, Term),
-
- % out put the Desc and Author
- DescUniBin = iolist_to_binary(Desc),
- DescUniList = unicode:characters_to_list(DescUniBin),
- io:format("desc bin : ~ts~ndesc bin : ~p~n",[DescUniBin,DescUniBin]),
- io:format("desc list: ~ts~ndesc list: ~p~n", [DescUniList,DescUniList]).
-
-
- %% save the binary in utf8 format
- test2() ->
- [DescList] = io_lib:format("~ts", ["這是一個(gè)測(cè)試文件"]),
- DescBin = erlang:iolist_to_binary(DescList),
- DescList2 = unicode:characters_to_list(DescBin),
- List = lists:concat(["[{desc,\"", DescList2, "\"}, {author,\"litaocheng\"}]."]),
- Bin = unicode:characters_to_binary(List),
- io:format("bin is:~ts~n", [Bin]),
- file:write_file("test_out.txt", Bin).
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