一、避免在循環條件中使用復雜表達式
在不做編譯優化的情況下,在循環中,循環條件會被反復計算,如果不使用復雜表達式,而使循環條件值不變的話,程序將會運行的更快。
例子:
import java.util.Vector;
class CEL {
????void method (Vector vector) {
????????for (int i = 0; i < vector.size (); i++)??// Violation
????????????; // ...
????}
}
更正:
class CEL_fixed {
????void method (Vector vector) {
????????int size = vector.size ()
????????for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
????????????; // ...
????}
}
二、為'Vectors' 和 'Hashtables'定義初始大小
JVM為Vector擴充大小的時候需要重新創建一個更大的數組,將原原先數組中的內容復制過來,最后,原先的數組再被回收??梢奦ector容量的擴大是一個頗費時間的事。
通常,默認的10個元素大小是不夠的。你最好能準確的估計你所需要的最佳大小。
例子:
import java.util.Vector;
public class DIC {
????public void addObjects (Object[] o) {
????????// if length > 10, Vector needs to expand
????????for (int i = 0; i< o.length;i++) {????
????????????v.add(o);???// capacity before it can add more elements.
????????}
????}
????public Vector v = new Vector();??// no initialCapacity.
}
更正:
自己設定初始大小。
????public Vector v = new Vector(20);??
????public Hashtable hash = new Hashtable(10);
參考資料:
Dov Bulka, "Java Performance and Scalability Volume 1: Server-Side Programming
Techniques" Addison Wesley, ISBN: 0-201-70429-3 pp.55 – 57
三、在finally塊中關閉Stream
程序中使用到的資源應當被釋放,以避免資源泄漏。這最好在finally塊中去做。不管程序執行的結果如何,finally塊總是會執行的,以確保資源的正確關閉。
?????????
例子:
import java.io.*;
public class CS {
????public static void main (String args[]) {
????????CS cs = new CS ();
????????cs.method ();
????}
????public void method () {
????????try {
????????????FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream ("CS.java");
????????????int count = 0;
????????????while (fis.read () != -1)
????????????????count++;
????????????System.out.println (count);
????????????fis.close ();
????????} catch (FileNotFoundException e1) {
????????} catch (IOException e2) {
????????}
????}
}
?????????
更正:
在最后一個catch后添加一個finally塊
參考資料:
Peter Haggar: "Practical Java - Programming Language Guide".
Addison Wesley, 2000, pp.77-79
四、使用'System.arraycopy ()'代替通過來循環復制數組
'System.arraycopy ()' 要比通過循環來復制數組快的多。
?????????
例子:
public class IRB
{
????void method () {
????????int[] array1 = new int [100];
????????for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
????????????array1 [i] = i;
????????}
????????int[] array2 = new int [100];
????????for (int i = 0; i < array2.length; i++) {
????????????array2 [i] = array1 [i];?????????????????// Violation
????????}
????}
}
?????????
更正:
public class IRB
{
????void method () {
????????int[] array1 = new int [100];
????????for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
????????????array1 [i] = i;
????????}
????????int[] array2 = new int [100];
????????System.arraycopy(array1, 0, array2, 0, 100);
????}
}
?????????
參考資料:
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~jch/java/speed.html
五、讓訪問實例內變量的getter/setter方法變成”final”
簡單的getter/setter方法應該被置成final,這會告訴編譯器,這個方法不會被重載,所以,可以變成”inlined”
例子:
class MAF {
????public void setSize (int size) {
?????????_size = size;
????}
????private int _size;
}
更正:
class DAF_fixed {
????final public void setSize (int size) {
?????????_size = size;
????}
????private int _size;
}
參考資料:
Warren N. and Bishop P. (1999), "Java in Practice", p. 4-5
Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-36065-9
六、避免不需要的instanceof操作
如果左邊的對象的靜態類型等于右邊的,instanceof表達式返回永遠為true。
?????????
例子:?????????
public class UISO {
????public UISO () {}
}
class Dog extends UISO {
????void method (Dog dog, UISO u) {
????????Dog d = dog;
????????if (d instanceof UISO) // always true.
????????????System.out.println("Dog is a UISO");
????????UISO uiso = u;
????????if (uiso instanceof Object) // always true.
????????????System.out.println("uiso is an Object");
????}
}
?????????
更正:?????????
刪掉不需要的instanceof操作。
?????????
class Dog extends UISO {
????void method () {
????????Dog d;
????????System.out.println ("Dog is an UISO");
????????System.out.println ("UISO is an UISO");
????}
}
七、避免不需要的造型操作
所有的類都是直接或者間接繼承自Object。同樣,所有的子類也都隱含的“等于”其父類。那么,由子類造型至父類的操作就是不必要的了。
例子:
class UNC {
????String _id = "UNC";
}
class Dog extends UNC {
????void method () {
????????Dog dog = new Dog ();
????????UNC animal = (UNC)dog;??// not necessary.
????????Object o = (Object)dog;?????????// not necessary.
????}
}
?????????
更正:?????????
class Dog extends UNC {
????void method () {
????????Dog dog = new Dog();
????????UNC animal = dog;
????????Object o = dog;
????}
}
?????????
參考資料:
Nigel Warren, Philip Bishop: "Java in Practice - Design Styles and Idioms
for Effective Java".??Addison-Wesley, 1999. pp.22-23
八、如果只是查找單個字符的話,用charAt()代替startsWith()
用一個字符作為參數調用startsWith()也會工作的很好,但從性能角度上來看,調用用String API無疑是錯誤的!
?????????
例子:
public class PCTS {
????private void method(String s) {
????????if (s.startsWith("a")) { // violation
????????????// ...
????????}
????}
}
?????????
更正?????????
將'startsWith()' 替換成'charAt()'.
public class PCTS {
????private void method(String s) {
????????if ('a' == s.charAt(0)) {
????????????// ...
????????}
????}
}
?????????
參考資料:
Dov Bulka, "Java Performance and Scalability Volume 1: Server-Side Programming
Techniques"??Addison Wesley, ISBN: 0-201-70429-3
九、使用移位操作來代替'a / b'操作
"/"是一個很“昂貴”的操作,使用移位操作將會更快更有效。
例子:
public class SDIV {
????public static final int NUM = 16;
????public void calculate(int a) {
????????int div = a / 4;????????????// should be replaced with "a >> 2".
????????int div2 = a / 8;?????????// should be replaced with "a >> 3".
????????int temp = a / 3;
????}
}
更正:
public class SDIV {
????public static final int NUM = 16;
????public void calculate(int a) {
????????int div = a >> 2;??
????????int div2 = a >> 3;
????????int temp = a / 3;???????// 不能轉換成位移操作
????}
}
十、使用移位操作代替'a * b'
同上。
[i]但我個人認為,除非是在一個非常大的循環內,性能非常重要,而且你很清楚你自己在做什么,方可使用這種方法。否則提高性能所帶來的程序晚讀性的降低將是不合算的。
例子:
public class SMUL {
????public void calculate(int a) {
????????int mul = a * 4;????????????// should be replaced with "a << 2".
????????int mul2 = 8 * a;?????????// should be replaced with "a << 3".
????????int temp = a * 3;
????}
}
更正:
package OPT;
public class SMUL {
????public void calculate(int a) {
????????int mul = a << 2;??
????????int mul2 = a << 3;
????????int temp = a * 3;???????// 不能轉換
????}
}
十一、在字符串相加的時候,使用 ' ' 代替 " ",如果該字符串只有一個字符的話
例子:
public class STR {
????public void method(String s) {
????????String string = s + "d"??// violation.
????????string = "abc" + "d"??????// violation.
????}
}
更正:
將一個字符的字符串替換成' '
public class STR {
????public void method(String s) {
????????String string = s + 'd'
????????string = "abc" + 'd'???
????}
}
十二、不要在循環中調用synchronized(同步)方法
方法的同步需要消耗相當大的資料,在一個循環中調用它絕對不是一個好主意。
例子:
import java.util.Vector;
public class SYN {
????public synchronized void method (Object o) {
????}
????private void test () {
????????for (int i = 0; i < vector.size(); i++) {
????????????method (vector.elementAt(i));????// violation
????????}
????}
????private Vector vector = new Vector (5, 5);
}
更正:
不要在循環體中調用同步方法,如果必須同步的話,推薦以下方式:
import java.util.Vector;
public class SYN {
????public void method (Object o) {
????}
private void test () {
????synchronized{//在一個同步塊中執行非同步方法
????????????for (int i = 0; i < vector.size(); i++) {
????????????????method (vector.elementAt(i));???
????????????}
????????}
????}
????private Vector vector = new Vector (5, 5);
}
十三、將try/catch塊移出循環
把try/catch塊放入循環體內,會極大的影響性能,如果編譯JIT被關閉或者你所使用的是一個不帶JIT的JVM,性能會將下降21%之多!
?????????
例子:?????????
import java.io.FileInputStream;
public class TRY {
????void method (FileInputStream fis) {
????????for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
????????????try {??????????????????????????????????????// violation
????????????????_sum += fis.read();
????????????} catch (Exception e) {}
????????}
????}
????private int _sum;
}
?????????
更正:?????????
將try/catch塊移出循環?????????
????void method (FileInputStream fis) {
????????try {
????????????for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
????????????????_sum += fis.read();
????????????}
????????} catch (Exception e) {}
????}
?????????
參考資料:
Peter Haggar: "Practical Java - Programming Language Guide".
Addison Wesley, 2000, pp.81 – 83
十四、對于boolean值,避免不必要的等式判斷
將一個boolean值與一個true比較是一個恒等操作(直接返回該boolean變量的值). 移走對于boolean的不必要操作至少會帶來2個好處:
1)代碼執行的更快 (生成的字節碼少了5個字節);
2)代碼也會更加干凈 。
例子:
public class UEQ
{
????boolean method (String string) {
????????return string.endsWith ("a") == true;???// Violation
????}
}
更正:
class UEQ_fixed
{
????boolean method (String string) {
????????return string.endsWith ("a");
????}
}
十五、對于常量字符串,用'String' 代替 'StringBuffer'
常量字符串并不需要動態改變長度。
例子:
public class USC {
????String method () {
????????StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer ("Hello");
????????String t = s + "World!";
????????return t;
????}
}
更正:
把StringBuffer換成String,如果確定這個String不會再變的話,這將會減少運行開銷提高性能。
十六、用'StringTokenizer' 代替 'indexOf()' 和'substring()'
字符串的分析在很多應用中都是常見的。使用indexOf()和substring()來分析字符串容易導致StringIndexOutOfBoundsException。而使用StringTokenizer類來分析字符串則會容易一些,效率也會高一些。
例子:
public class UST {
????void parseString(String string) {
????????int index = 0;
????????while ((index = string.indexOf(".", index)) != -1) {
????????????System.out.println (string.substring(index, string.length()));
????????}
????}
}
參考資料:
Graig Larman, Rhett Guthrie: "Java 2 Performance and Idiom Guide"
Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN: 0-13-014260-3 pp. 282 – 283
十七、使用條件操作符替代"if (cond) return; else return;" 結構
條件操作符更加的簡捷
例子:
public class IF {
????public int method(boolean isDone) {
????????if (isDone) {
????????????return 0;
????????} else {
????????????return 10;
????????}
????}
}
更正:
public class IF {
????public int method(boolean isDone) {
????????return (isDone ? 0 : 10);
????}
}
十八、使用條件操作符代替"if (cond) a = b; else a = c;" 結構
例子:
public class IFAS {
????void method(boolean isTrue) {
????????if (isTrue) {
????????????_value = 0;
????????} else {
????????????_value = 1;
????????}
????}
????private int _value = 0;
}
更正:
public class IFAS {
????void method(boolean isTrue) {
????????_value = (isTrue ? 0 : 1);???????// compact expression.
????}
????private int _value = 0;
}
十九、不要在循環體中實例化變量
在循環體中實例化臨時變量將會增加內存消耗
例子:?????????
import java.util.Vector;
public class LOOP {
????void method (Vector v) {
????????for (int i=0;i < v.size();i++) {
????????????Object o = new Object();
????????????o = v.elementAt(i);
????????}
????}
}
?????????
更正:?????????
在循環體外定義變量,并反復使用?????????
import java.util.Vector;
public class LOOP {
????void method (Vector v) {
????????Object o;
????????for (int i=0;i<v.size();i++) {
????????????o = v.elementAt(i);
????????}
????}
}
二十、確定 StringBuffer的容量
StringBuffer的構造器會創建一個默認大小(通常是16)的字符數組。在使用中,如果超出這個大小,就會重新分配內存,創建一個更大的數組,并將原先的數組復制過來,再丟棄舊的數組。在大多數情況下,你可以在創建StringBuffer的時候指定大小,這樣就避免了在容量不夠的時候自動增長,以提高性能。
例子:?????????
public class RSBC {
????void method () {
????????StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(); // violation
????????buffer.append ("hello");
????}
}
?????????
更正:?????????
為StringBuffer提供寢大小。?????????
public class RSBC {
????void method () {
????????StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(MAX);
????????buffer.append ("hello");
????}
????private final int MAX = 100;
}
?????????
參考資料:
Dov Bulka, "Java Performance and Scalability Volume 1: Server-Side Programming
Techniques" Addison Wesley, ISBN: 0-201-70429-3 p.30 – 31
二十一、盡可能的使用棧變量
如果一個變量需要經常訪問,那么你就需要考慮這個變量的作用域了。static? local?還是實例變量?訪問靜態變量和實例變量將會比訪問局部變量多耗費2-3個時鐘周期。
?????????
例子:
public class USV {
????void getSum (int[] values) {
????????for (int i=0; i < value.length; i++) {
????????????_sum += value[i];???????????// violation.
????????}
????}
????void getSum2 (int[] values) {
????????for (int i=0; i < value.length; i++) {
????????????_staticSum += value[i];
????????}
????}
????private int _sum;
????private static int _staticSum;
}?????
?????????
更正:?????????
如果可能,請使用局部變量作為你經常訪問的變量。
你可以按下面的方法來修改getSum()方法:?????????
void getSum (int[] values) {
????int sum = _sum;??// temporary local variable.
????for (int i=0; i < value.length; i++) {
????????sum += value[i];
????}
????_sum = sum;
}
?????????
參考資料:?????????
Peter Haggar: "Practical Java - Programming Language Guide".
Addison Wesley, 2000, pp.122 – 125
二十二、不要總是使用取反操作符(!)
取反操作符(!)降低程序的可讀性,所以不要總是使用。
例子:
public class DUN {
????boolean method (boolean a, boolean b) {
????????if (!a)
????????????return !a;
????????else
????????????return !b;
????}
}
更正:
如果可能不要使用取反操作符(!)
二十三、與一個接口 進行instanceof操作
基于接口的設計通常是件好事,因為它允許有不同的實現,而又保持靈活。只要可能,對一個對象進行instanceof操作,以判斷它是否某一接口要比是否某一個類要快。
例子:
public class INSOF {
????private void method (Object o) {
????????if (o instanceof InterfaceBase) { }??// better
????????if (o instanceof ClassBase) { }???// worse.
????}
}
class ClassBase {}
interface InterfaceBase {}