1. workdir=learnJar

目錄結(jié)構(gòu)
+ learnJar
?| mf.mf
?|+ test
???| Test.java
?
2. workdir>javac test\Test.java

+ learnJar
?| mf.mf?
?|+ test
?? | Test.java
?? | Test.class

3. workdir>jar cvfm a.jar mf.mf test\Test.class

+ learnJar
?| mf.mf
?|+ test
?? | Test.java
?? | Test.class
?|+ a.jar
?? |+ META-INF
???? | MANIFEST.MF
?? |+ test
???? | Test.class

?4. workdir>java -jar a.jar
hello world

NOTE
1. manifest.mf可以放在任何位置，也可以是其它的文件名(反正最后jar中的文件名會被自動變?yōu)镸ANIFEST.MF)
2. "Manifest-Version: 1.0"--該行(以及其它行)冒號后面必須是個空格，否則jar時出錯"invalid header field"
3. "Main-Class: test.Test<回車>"--該行必須以一個回車符結(jié)束，否則無效。
4. 如果是有UI的程序，雙擊jar文件即可運行。(如果安裝了winrar等壓縮軟件，jar文件會被關(guān)聯(lián)，因此，雙擊時并不會執(zhí)行jar程序，而是調(diào)用壓縮軟件來打開jar文件，這時，將jar的關(guān)聯(lián)去掉即可)

Appendix
Test.java

mf.mf

1. 先從網(wǎng)上下載jdk(jdk-1_5_0_02-linux-i586-rpm.bin) ，推薦SUN的官方網(wǎng)站www.sun.com，下載后放在/home目錄中，當(dāng)然其它地方也行。

2.1 進(jìn)入安裝目錄
#cd /home
#cp jdk-1_5_0_02-linux-i586-rpm.bin /usr/local
#cd /usr/local

2.2 給所有用戶添加可執(zhí)行的權(quán)限
#chmod +x jdk-1_5_0_02-linux-i586-rpm.bin
解壓縮之
#./jdk-1_5_0_02-linux-i586.rpm.bin

2.3 此時會生成文件jdk-1_5_0_02-linux-i586.rpm，同樣給所有用戶添加可執(zhí)行的權(quán)限
#chmod +x jdk-1_5_0_02-linux-i586.rpm
安裝程序
#rpm -ivh jdk-1_5_0_02-linux-i586.rpm
過程出現(xiàn)安裝協(xié)議等，按接受即可。

3. 設(shè)置環(huán)境變量。
#vi /etc/profile
在最后面加入
#set java environment
JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk-1_5_0_02
CLASSPATH=.:＄JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar
PATH=＄JAVA_HOME/bin:＄PATH
export JAVA_HOME CLASSPATH PATH
保存退出。

要使JDK在所有的用戶中使用，可以這樣：
vi /etc/profile.d/java.sh
在新的java.sh中輸入以上相同的內(nèi)容.
保存退出，然后給java.sh分配權(quán)限：chmod 755 /etc/profile.d/java.sh

4. 在終端使用echo命令檢查環(huán)境變量設(shè)置情況。
#echo ＄JAVA_HOME
#echo ＄CLASSPATH
#echo ＄PATH

5. 檢查JDK是否安裝成功。
#java -version
如果看到JVM版本及相關(guān)信息，即安裝成功！

以上摘自輕風(fēng)清竹!

有個別不是縮略詞，但語源很有趣，涉及基本命令，目錄，文件，變量等。

/bin = BINaries
/dev = DEVices
/etc = ETCetera
/lib = LIBrary
/proc = PROCesses
/sbin = Superuser BINaries
/tmp = TeMPorary
/usr = Unix Shared Resources
/var = VARiable ?
FIFO = First In, First Out
GRUB = GRand Unified Bootloader
IFS = Internal Field Seperators
LILO = LInux LOader
MySQL = My是最初作者女兒的名字，SQL = Structured Query Language
PHP = Personal Home Page Tools = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
PS = Prompt String
Perl = "Pratical Extraction and Report Language" = "Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister"
Python 得名于電視劇Monty Python's Flying Circus
Tcl = Tool Command Language
Tk = ToolKit
VT = Video Terminal
YaST = Yet Another Setup Tool
apache = "a patchy" server
apt = Advanced Packaging Tool
ar = archiver
as = assembler
awk = "Aho Weiberger and Kernighan" 三個作者的姓的第一個字母
bash = Bourne Again SHell
bc = Basic (Better) Calculator
bg = BackGround
biff = 作者Heidi Stettner在U.C.Berkely養(yǎng)的一條狗,喜歡對郵遞員汪汪叫。
cal = CALendar
cat = CATenate
cd = Change Directory
chgrp = CHange GRouP
chmod = CHange MODe
chown = CHange OWNer
chsh = CHange SHell
cmp = compare
cobra = Common Object Request Broker Architecture
comm = common
cp = CoPy
cpio = CoPy In and Out
cpp = C Pre Processor
cron = Chronos 希臘文時間
cups = Common Unix Printing System
cvs = Current Version System
daemon = Disk And Execution MONitor
dc = Desk Calculator
dd = Disk Dump
df = Disk Free
diff = DIFFerence
dmesg = diagnostic message
du = Disk Usage
ed = editor
egrep = Extended GREP
elf = Extensible Linking Format
elm = ELectronic Mail
emacs = Editor MACroS
eval = EVALuate
ex = EXtended
exec = EXECute
fd = file descriptors
fg = ForeGround
fgrep = Fixed GREP
fmt = format
fsck = File System ChecK
fstab = FileSystem TABle
fvwm = F*** Virtual Window Manager
gawk = GNU AWK
gpg = GNU Privacy Guard
groff = GNU troff
hal = Hardware Abstraction Layer
joe = Joe's Own Editor
ksh = Korn SHell
lame = Lame Ain't an MP3 Encoder
lex = LEXical analyser
lisp = LISt Processing = Lots of Irritating Superfluous Parentheses
ln = LiNk
lpr = Line PRint
ls = list
lsof = LiSt Open Files
m4 = Macro processor Version 4
man = MANual pages
mawk = Mike Brennan's AWK
mc = Midnight Commander
mkfs = MaKe FileSystem
mknod = MaKe NODe
motd = Message of The Day
mozilla = MOsaic GodZILLa
mtab = Mount TABle
mv = MoVe
nano = Nano's ANOther editor
nawk = New AWK
nl = Number of Lines
nm = names
nohup = No HangUP
nroff = New ROFF
od = Octal Dump
passwd = PASSWorD
pg = pager
pico = PIne's message COmposition editor
pine = "Program for Internet News & Email" = "Pine is not Elm"
ping = 擬聲 又 = Packet InterNet Grouper
pirntcap = PRINTer CAPability
popd = POP Directory
pr = pre
printf = PRINT Formatted
ps = Processes Status
pty = pseudo tty
pushd = PUSH Directory
pwd = Print Working Directory
rc = runcom = run command, rc還是plan9的shell
rev = REVerse
rm = ReMove
rn = Read News
roff = RunOFF
rpm = RPM Package Manager = RedHat Package Manager
rsh, rlogin, rvim中的r = Remote
rxvt = ouR XVT
seamoneky = 我
sed = Stream EDitor
seq = SEQuence
shar = SHell ARchive
slrn = S-Lang rn
ssh = Secure SHell
ssl = Secure Sockets Layer
stty = Set TTY
su = Substitute User
svn = SubVersioN
tar = Tape ARchive
tcsh = TENEX C shell
tee = T (T形水管接口)
telnet = TEminaL over Network
termcap = terminal capability
terminfo = terminal information
tex = τ?χνη的縮寫，希臘文art
tr = traslate
troff = Typesetter new ROFF
tsort = Topological SORT
tty = TeleTypewriter
twm = Tom's Window Manager
tz = TimeZone
udev = Userspace DEV
ulimit = User's LIMIT
umask = User's MASK
uniq = UNIQue
vi = VIsual = Very Inconvenient
vim = Vi IMproved
wall = write all
wc = Word Count
wine = WINE Is Not an Emulator
xargs = eXtended ARGuments
xdm = X Display Manager
xlfd = X Logical Font Description
xmms = X Multimedia System
xrdb = X Resources DataBase
xwd = X Window Dump
yacc = yet another compiler compiler


http://www.gnu.org/fun/jokes/gnuemacs.acro.exp.htm
emacs: Escape Meta Alt Ctrl Shift
emacs: EMACS Makes A Computer Slow


The novice Unix user is always surprised by Unix’s choice of command
names. No amount of training on DOS or the Mac prepares one for the
majestic beauty of cryptic two-letter command names such as cp, rm, and
ls.
Those of us who used early 70s I/O devices suspect the degeneracy stems
from the speed, reliability, and, most importantly, the keyboard of the
ASR-33 Teletype, the common input/output device in those days. Unlike
today’s keyboards, where the distance keys travel is based on feedback
principles, and the only force necessary is that needed to close a
microswitch, keys on the Teletype (at least in memory) needed to travel
over half an inch, and take the force necessary to run a small electric generator
such as those found on bicycles. You could break your knuckles touch
typing on those beasts
If Dennis and Ken had a Selectric instead of a Teletype, we’d probably be
typing “copy” and “remove” instead of “cp” and “rm.”1 Proof again that
technology limits our choices as often as it expands them.
After more than two decades, what is the excuse for continuing this tradition?
The implacable force of history, AKA existing code and books. If a
vendor replaced rm by, say, remove, then every book describing Unix
would no longer apply to its system, and every shell script that calls rm
would also no longer apply. Such a vendor might as well stop implementing
the POSIX standard while it was at it.
A century ago, fast typists were jamming their keyboards, so engineers
designed the QWERTY keyboard to slow them down. Computer keyboards
don’t jam, but we’re still living with QWERTY today. A century
from now, the world will still be living with rm.

以上摘自 http://www.linuxsir.org/bbs/showthread.php?t=260278

1. Liunx能識別Fat32

2.在/mnt文件夾下，建立個文件夾名字usb
3.用命令 $mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usb(中間有個空格噢)
4.內(nèi)容就在usb文件夾里！

似乎FC3直接就支持U盤,所以當(dāng)插入U盤時,情形就跟Windows下一樣,你只用點擊出現(xiàn)的圖標(biāo)即可.

附錄:
Q: 點擊圖標(biāo),結(jié)果就卡在那里了.
? 猜測原因:
??? 1.可能是因為我的那些MP3的中文名子(Linux無法識別Windows下的寫的中文)
??? 2.也可能是因為我MP3里的病毒(病毒本身對Linux并無作用,但.exe文件讓Linux無法識別)
A: 把U盤格式化(Fat32)了一下,就好了.

1. 運行:
#gtf 1280 800 60

得到一個modeline，如：
# 1280x800 @ 60.00 Hz (GTF) hsync: 49.68 kHz; pclk: 83.46 MHz
Modeline "1280x800_60.00"　83.46　1280 1344 1480 1680　800 801 804 828 -HSync +Vsync
　　
把這個modeline拷貝到/etc/X11/xorg.conf中的Monitor段中。

基礎(chǔ)知識： gtf = generalized timing formula， 定義了產(chǎn)生畫面所需要的時間。gtf 計算出顯示器屏幕尺寸、分辨率，然后我們把計算出來的值插入到xorg.conf配置文件中，就能達(dá)到自動調(diào)節(jié)屏幕的顯示尺寸、位置及分辨率。　　

2. 在Screen段，把Modes一行，修改成Modes “1280x800”
? (沒有就添加)

Section "Screen"
??????? Identifier "Screen0"
??????? Device???? "Videocard0"
??????? Monitor??? "Monitor0"
??????? DefaultDepth???? 24
??????? SubSection "Display"
??????????????? Viewport?? 0 0
??????????????? Depth???? 24
??????????????? Modes??? "1280x800"
??????? EndSubSection
EndSection

3. 安裝855Resolution.
　　 http://perso.wanadoo.fr/apoirier/

解開源碼之后先 #make
然后用root權(quán)限 #make install即可。
cp 855resolution /usr/sbin?? (其實就是拷了一個可執(zhí)行文件到sbin里)　　
( 注意, 安裝FC3 時, 如果選擇桌面版, 將不會安裝gcc, 可這里要用到, 所以找到FC 的安 裝盤, 補充安裝一下gcc 就可以了)

4. 運行:
　 #./855resolution -l
　　
　　得到輸出：
　　 855resolution version 0.4, by Alain Poirier　　
　　 Chipset: 855GM (id=0x35808086)
　　 VBIOS type: 2
　　 VBIOS Version: 3104　　
　　 Mode 30 : 640x480, 8 bits/pixel
　　 Mode 32 : 800x600, 8 bits/pixel
　　 ....
　　 Mode 5c : 1920x1440, 32 bits/pixel
　　 Mode 7c : 1280x800, 8 bits/pixel
　　Mode 7d : 1280x800, 16 bits/pixel
　　 Mode 7e : 1280x800, 32 bits/pixel
　　
　　其中：Mode 7d一行，是我們想要的。
　　
5.運行：
　　#./855resolution 7d 1280 800
　　
6.startx(注消,再登錄回來)，這時候就應(yīng)該OK了。
　　
7.為了以后每次重新啟動系統(tǒng)都能自動生效:
??? 把855resolution 7d 1280 800(注意還要加入路徑名)添加到
??? /etc/rc.d/rc.local 腳本中。這樣每次啟動都會自動配置好寬屏了。

附錄1: vi的使用
i 編輯
: 進(jìn)入控制欄
:w 寫入退出
:qa! 不寫入退出

附錄2:? 配置"主菜單-->系統(tǒng)設(shè)置-->顯示"? (目前還不知道這步操作的具體作用,以及對前面操作的影響)

設(shè)置-->分辨率=640x480
設(shè)置-->色彩深度=上百萬顏色
硬件-->顯示器類型=LCD Panel 1280x800
硬件-->視頻卡類型=Intel 855

1.? Install
$su (登錄root)
#cd /home (到home目錄下)
#chmod +x bitnet (加可執(zhí)行權(quán)限)
#./bitnet (執(zhí)行)

2. 以下為執(zhí)行后填入的參數(shù)
id : liran
pwd: ******
model[1] 回車即可

3. Usage of bitnet
bitnet[-skqn]
Start or stop agent for BIT Campus Network.
Options:
-h Show this information.
-s Setup configuration.
-k Kill the agent.
-q Query how much money remained.

說明: 第一次使用的時候會要求輸入用戶名和密碼，并詢問是否保存該信息，如果是，將會保存帳號信息到 $HOME/.bitnet，此后只需要直接運行 bitnet 便可自動登錄。如果需要使用新的帳號信息，只需要加 -s 參數(shù)重新進(jìn)行設(shè)定即可。

〔附錄〕
Q：在宿舍還好好的，把本本帶到教室后就進(jìn)不了FC3了。 卡在“enabling swap space [ok]”后面半天不動，然后我按Ctrl+Alt+Delete，出現(xiàn)“unloading kernel card services”
我猜想是不是網(wǎng)絡(luò)改變的問題？因為我們學(xué)校上網(wǎng)都是用“IP自動獲取”的。我還發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果不插網(wǎng)線，它也會卡在一個地方不動，一插上就過去了。

A：進(jìn)來了,原因總結(jié)如下:
1. 在學(xué)校上網(wǎng)需要啟動一個上網(wǎng)助理
2. 我將啟動這個助理的命令加到 rc.local 中了,以便每次開機(jī)時都自動啟動.
3. 可能因為換了個地方,它在啟動界面讓我輸入id/pwd,如果過幾秒不輸(因為我一開始沒注意),這個輸入界面就沒了,然后卡在那里.
4. 在啟動界面輸一下id/pwd就好了

2006-5-23, 下午Dell來公司給我修小七，換了個主板，爽！晚上決定裝Linux，把F盤的東西分別移到了E盤和移動硬盤上，決定裝ubuntu，從ftp上 down了一個，刻盤順利，結(jié)果竟然讀不出來，暈到了。只好用《寶典》配的DVD，裝Fedora3，還算順利。可是弄了半天不會上網(wǎng)，今天先到這。

2006-5-24, 晚上搞定了幾件事：可以上網(wǎng)了（其實就是用自動獲取IP就好了），學(xué)會使用：FireFox，中文輸入法，openoffice，kprint，gfpt。不過還是不能上外網(wǎng)（不會裝北理客戶端），真可憐。

2006-5-25, 搞定上外網(wǎng)問題(安裝bitnet)

2006-5-31, 一個幸運的日子(碰巧也是我妹妹的生日), 我終于解決了Linux下的寬屏問題,雖然是誤打誤撞,不過還是很高興,畢竟這是我解決的第一個問題. 向著Linux前進(jìn)、前進(jìn)、前前進(jìn)~~

2006-6-3, 搞定U盤問題.