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銆銆 final鈥斾慨楗扮錛堝叧閿瓧錛夊鏋滀竴涓被琚0鏄庝負final錛屾剰鍛崇潃瀹冧笉鑳藉啀媧劇敓鍑烘柊鐨勫瓙綾伙紝涓嶈兘浣滀負鐖剁被琚戶鎵褲傚洜姝や竴涓被涓嶈兘鏃㈣澹版槑涓?abstract鐨勶紝鍙堣澹版槑涓篺inal鐨勩傚皢鍙橀噺鎴栨柟娉曞0鏄庝負final錛屽彲浠ヤ繚璇佸畠浠湪浣跨敤涓笉琚敼鍙樸傝澹版槑涓篺inal鐨勫彉閲忓繀欏誨湪澹版槑鏃剁粰瀹氬垵鍊鹼紝鑰屽湪浠ュ悗鐨勫紩鐢ㄤ腑鍙兘璇誨彇錛屼笉鍙慨鏀廣傝澹版槑涓篺inal鐨勬柟娉曚篃鍚屾牱鍙兘浣跨敤錛屼笉鑳介噸杞姐?
銆銆finally鈥斿啀寮傚父澶勭悊鏃舵彁渚?finally 鍧楁潵鎵ц浠諱綍娓呴櫎鎿嶄綔銆傚鏋滄姏鍑轟竴涓紓甯革紝閭d箞鐩稿尮閰嶇殑 catch 瀛愬彞灝變細鎵ц錛岀劧鍚庢帶鍒跺氨浼氳繘鍏?finally 鍧楋紙濡傛灉鏈夌殑璇濓級銆?
銆銆finalize鈥旀柟娉曞悕銆侸ava 鎶鏈厑璁鎬嬌鐢?finalize() 鏂規硶鍦ㄥ瀮鍦炬敹闆嗗櫒灝嗗璞′粠鍐呭瓨涓竻闄ゅ嚭鍘諱箣鍓嶅仛蹇呰鐨勬竻鐞嗗伐浣溿傝繖涓柟娉曟槸鐢卞瀮鍦炬敹闆嗗櫒鍦ㄧ‘瀹氳繖涓璞℃病鏈夎寮曠敤鏃跺榪欎釜瀵硅薄璋冪敤鐨勩傚畠鏄湪 Object 綾諱腑瀹氫箟鐨勶紝鍥犳鎵鏈夌殑綾婚兘緇ф壙浜嗗畠銆傚瓙綾昏鐩?finalize() 鏂規硶浠ユ暣鐞嗙郴緇熻祫婧愭垨鑰呮墽琛屽叾浠栨竻鐞嗗伐浣溿俧inalize() 鏂規硶鏄湪鍨冨溇鏀墮泦鍣ㄥ垹闄ゅ璞′箣鍓嶅榪欎釜瀵硅薄璋冪敤鐨勩?
銆銆絎簩錛孉nonymous Inner Class (鍖垮悕鍐呴儴綾? 鏄惁鍙互extends(緇ф壙)鍏跺畠綾伙紝鏄惁鍙互implements(瀹炵幇)interface(鎺ュ彛)?
銆銆鍖垮悕鐨勫唴閮ㄧ被鏄病鏈夊悕瀛楃殑鍐呴儴綾匯備笉鑳絜xtends(緇ф壙) 鍏跺畠綾伙紝浣嗕竴涓唴閮ㄧ被鍙互浣滀負涓涓帴鍙o紝鐢卞彟涓涓唴閮ㄧ被瀹炵幇銆?
銆銆絎笁錛孲tatic Nested Class 鍜?Inner Class鐨勪笉鍚岋紝璇村緱瓚婂瓚婂ソ(闈㈣瘯棰樻湁鐨勫緢絎肩粺)銆?
銆銆Nested Class 錛堜竴鑸槸C++鐨勮娉曪級錛孖nner Class (涓鑸槸JAVA鐨勮娉?銆侸ava鍐呴儴綾諱笌C++宓屽綾繪渶澶х殑涓嶅悓灝卞湪浜庢槸鍚︽湁鎸囧悜澶栭儴鐨勫紩鐢ㄤ笂銆傚叿浣撳彲瑙乭ttp: //www.frontfree.net/articles/services/view.asp?id=704&page=1
銆銆 娉細 闈欐佸唴閮ㄧ被錛圛nner Class錛夋剰鍛崇潃1鍒涘緩涓涓猻tatic鍐呴儴綾葷殑瀵硅薄錛屼笉闇瑕佷竴涓閮ㄧ被瀵硅薄錛?涓嶈兘浠庝竴涓猻tatic鍐呴儴綾葷殑涓涓璞¤闂竴涓閮ㄧ被瀵硅薄
銆銆絎洓錛?amp;鍜?amp;&鐨勫尯鍒?
銆銆&鏄綅榪愮畻絎︺?amp;&鏄竷灝旈昏緫榪愮畻絎︺?
銆銆絎簲錛孒ashMap鍜孒ashtable鐨勫尯鍒?
銆銆閮藉睘浜嶮ap鎺ュ彛鐨勭被錛屽疄鐜頒簡灝嗘儫涓閿槧灝勫埌鐗瑰畾鐨勫間笂銆?
銆銆 HashMap 綾繪病鏈夊垎綾繪垨鑰呮帓搴忋傚畠鍏佽涓涓?null 閿拰澶氫釜 null 鍊箋?
銆銆 Hashtable 綾諱技浜?HashMap錛屼絾鏄笉鍏佽 null 閿拰 null 鍊箋傚畠涔熸瘮 HashMap 鎱紝鍥犱負瀹冩槸鍚屾鐨勩?
銆銆絎叚錛孋ollection 鍜?Collections鐨勫尯鍒?
銆銆Collections鏄釜java.util涓嬬殑綾伙紝瀹冨寘鍚湁鍚勭鏈夊叧闆嗗悎鎿嶄綔鐨勯潤鎬佹柟娉曘?
銆銆 Collection鏄釜java.util涓嬬殑鎺ュ彛錛屽畠鏄悇縐嶉泦鍚堢粨鏋勭殑鐖舵帴鍙c?
銆銆絎竷錛屼粈涔堟椂鍊欑敤assert銆?
銆銆鏂█鏄竴涓寘鍚竷灝旇〃杈懼紡鐨勮鍙ワ紝鍦ㄦ墽琛岃繖涓鍙ユ椂鍋囧畾璇ヨ〃杈懼紡涓?true銆傚鏋滆〃杈懼紡璁$畻涓?false錛岄偅涔堢郴緇熶細鎶ュ憡涓涓?Assertionerror銆傚畠鐢ㄤ簬璋冭瘯鐩殑錛?
聽銆銆assert(a > 0); // throws an Assertionerror if a <= 0
銆銆 鏂█鍙互鏈変袱縐嶅艦寮忥細
銆銆 assert Expression1 ;
銆銆 assert Expression1 : Expression2 ;
銆銆 Expression1 搴旇鎬繪槸浜х敓涓涓竷灝斿箋?
銆銆 Expression2 鍙互鏄緱鍑轟竴涓肩殑浠繪剰琛ㄨ揪寮忋傝繖涓肩敤浜庣敓鎴愭樉紺烘洿澶氳皟璇曚俊鎭殑 String 娑堟伅銆?
銆銆 鏂█鍦ㄩ粯璁ゆ儏鍐典笅鏄鐢ㄧ殑銆傝鍦ㄧ紪璇戞椂鍚敤鏂█錛岄渶瑕佷嬌鐢?source 1.4 鏍囪錛?
銆銆 javac -source 1.4 Test.java
銆銆 瑕佸湪榪愯鏃跺惎鐢ㄦ柇璦錛屽彲浣跨敤 -enableassertions 鎴栬?-ea 鏍囪銆?
銆銆 瑕佸湪榪愯鏃墮夋嫨紱佺敤鏂█錛屽彲浣跨敤 -da 鎴栬?-disableassertions 鏍囪銆?
銆銆 瑕佺郴緇熺被涓惎鐢ㄦ柇璦錛屽彲浣跨敤 -esa 鎴栬?-dsa 鏍囪銆傝繕鍙互鍦ㄥ寘鐨勫熀紜涓婂惎鐢ㄦ垨鑰呯鐢ㄦ柇璦銆?
銆銆鍙互鍦ㄩ璁℃甯告儏鍐典笅涓嶄細鍒拌揪鐨勪換浣曚綅緗笂鏀劇疆鏂█銆傛柇璦鍙互鐢ㄤ簬楠岃瘉浼犻掔粰縐佹湁鏂規硶鐨勫弬鏁般備笉榪囷紝鏂█涓嶅簲璇ョ敤浜庨獙璇佷紶閫掔粰鍏湁鏂規硶鐨勫弬鏁幫紝鍥犱負涓嶇鏄惁鍚敤浜嗘柇璦錛屽叕鏈夋柟娉曢兘蹇呴』媯鏌ュ叾鍙傛暟銆備笉榪囷紝鏃㈠彲浠ュ湪鍏湁鏂規硶涓紝涔熷彲浠ュ湪闈炲叕鏈夋柟娉曚腑鍒╃敤鏂█嫻嬭瘯鍚庣疆鏉′歡銆傚彟澶栵紝鏂█涓嶅簲璇ヤ互浠諱綍鏂瑰紡鏀瑰彉紼嬪簭鐨勭姸鎬併?
銆銆絎叓錛孏C鏄粈涔? 涓轟粈涔堣鏈塆C? (鍩虹)銆?
銆銆GC鏄瀮鍦炬敹闆嗗櫒銆侸ava 紼嬪簭鍛樹笉鐢ㄦ媴蹇冨唴瀛樼鐞嗭紝鍥犱負鍨冨溇鏀墮泦鍣ㄤ細鑷姩榪涜綆$悊銆傝璇鋒眰鍨冨溇鏀墮泦錛屽彲浠ヨ皟鐢ㄤ笅闈㈢殑鏂規硶涔嬩竴錛?
聽銆銆System.gc()
銆銆 Runtime.getRuntime().gc()
銆銆絎節錛孲tring s = new String("xyz");鍒涘緩浜嗗嚑涓猄tring Object?
銆銆涓や釜瀵硅薄錛屼竴涓槸鈥渪yx鈥?涓涓槸鎸囧悜鈥渪yx鈥濈殑寮曠敤瀵硅薄s銆?
銆銆絎崄錛孧ath.round(11.5)絳夋柤澶氬皯? Math.round(-11.5)絳夋柤澶氬皯?
銆銆
銆銆 Math.round(11.5)榪斿洖錛坙ong錛?2錛孧ath.round(-11.5)榪斿洖錛坙ong錛?11;
銆銆絎崄涓錛宻hort s1 = 1; s1 = s1 + 1;鏈変粈涔堥敊? short s1 = 1; s1 += 1;鏈変粈涔堥敊?
銆銆short s1 = 1; s1 = s1 + 1;鏈夐敊錛宻1鏄痵hort鍨嬶紝s1+1鏄痠nt鍨?涓嶈兘鏄懼紡杞寲涓簊hort鍨嬨傚彲淇敼涓簊1 =(short)(s1 + 1) 銆俿hort s1 = 1; s1 += 1姝g‘銆?
銆銆絎崄浜岋紝sleep() 鍜?wait() 鏈変粈涔堝尯鍒? 鎼炵嚎紼嬬殑鏈鐖?
銆銆sleep()鏂規硶鏄嬌綰跨▼鍋滄涓孌墊椂闂寸殑鏂規硶銆傚湪sleep 鏃墮棿闂撮殧鏈熸弧鍚庯紝綰跨▼涓嶄竴瀹氱珛鍗蟲仮澶嶆墽琛屻傝繖鏄洜涓哄湪閭d釜鏃跺埢錛屽叾瀹冪嚎紼嬪彲鑳芥鍦ㄨ繍琛岃屼笖娌℃湁琚皟搴︿負鏀懼純鎵ц錛岄櫎闈?a)鈥滈啋鏉モ濈殑綰跨▼鍏鋒湁鏇撮珮鐨勪紭鍏堢駭銆?/p>
銆銆 (b)姝e湪榪愯鐨勭嚎紼嬪洜涓哄叾瀹冨師鍥犺岄樆濉炪?
銆銆 wait()鏄嚎紼嬩氦浜掓椂錛屽鏋滅嚎紼嬪涓涓悓姝ュ璞 鍙戝嚭涓涓獁ait()璋冪敤錛岃綰跨▼浼氭殏鍋滄墽琛岋紝琚皟瀵硅薄榪涘叆絳夊緟鐘舵侊紝鐩村埌琚敜閱掓垨絳夊緟鏃墮棿鍒般?
銆銆絎崄涓夛紝Java鏈夋病鏈塯oto?
銆銆Goto鈥攋ava涓殑淇濈暀瀛楋紝鐜板湪娌℃湁鍦╦ava涓嬌鐢ㄣ?
銆銆絎崄鍥涳紝鏁扮粍鏈夋病鏈塴ength()榪欎釜鏂規硶? String鏈夋病鏈塴ength()榪欎釜鏂規硶錛?
銆銆鏁扮粍娌℃湁length()榪欎釜鏂規硶錛屾湁length鐨勫睘鎬с?
銆銆 String鏈夋湁length()榪欎釜鏂規硶銆?
銆銆絎崄浜旓紝Overload鍜孫verride鐨勫尯鍒侽verloaded鐨勬柟娉曟槸鍚﹀彲浠ユ敼鍙樿繑鍥炲肩殑綾誨瀷?
銆銆鏂規硶鐨勯噸鍐橭verriding鍜岄噸杞絆verloading鏄疛ava澶氭佹х殑涓嶅悓琛ㄧ幇銆傞噸鍐橭verriding鏄埗綾諱笌瀛愮被涔嬮棿澶氭佹х殑涓縐嶈〃鐜幫紝閲嶈澆Overloading鏄竴涓被涓鎬佹х殑涓縐嶈〃鐜般傚鏋滃湪瀛愮被涓畾涔夋煇鏂規硶涓庡叾鐖剁被鏈夌浉鍚岀殑鍚嶇О鍜屽弬鏁幫紝鎴戜滑璇磋鏂規硶琚噸鍐?(Overriding)銆傚瓙綾葷殑瀵硅薄浣跨敤榪欎釜鏂規硶鏃訛紝灝嗚皟鐢ㄥ瓙綾諱腑鐨勫畾涔夛紝瀵瑰畠鑰岃█錛岀埗綾諱腑鐨勫畾涔夊鍚岃鈥滃睆钄解濅簡銆傚鏋滃湪涓涓被涓畾涔変簡澶氫釜鍚屽悕鐨勬柟娉曪紝瀹冧滑鎴栨湁涓嶅悓鐨勫弬鏁頒釜鏁版垨鏈変笉鍚岀殑鍙傛暟綾誨瀷錛屽垯縐頒負鏂規硶鐨勯噸杞?Overloading)銆侽verloaded鐨勬柟娉曟槸鍙互鏀瑰彉榪斿洖鍊肩殑綾誨瀷銆?
銆銆絎崄鍏紝Set閲岀殑鍏冪礌鏄笉鑳介噸澶嶇殑錛岄偅涔堢敤浠涔堟柟娉曟潵鍖哄垎閲嶅涓庡惁鍛? 鏄敤==榪樻槸equals()? 瀹冧滑鏈変綍鍖哄埆?
銆銆Set閲岀殑鍏冪礌鏄笉鑳介噸澶嶇殑錛岄偅涔堢敤iterator()鏂規硶鏉ュ尯鍒嗛噸澶嶄笌鍚︺俥quals()鏄垽璇諱袱涓猄et鏄惁鐩哥瓑銆?
銆銆 equals()鍜?=鏂規硶鍐沖畾寮曠敤鍊兼槸鍚︽寚鍚戝悓涓瀵硅薄equals()鍦ㄧ被涓瑕嗙洊錛屼負鐨勬槸褰撲袱涓垎紱葷殑瀵硅薄鐨勫唴瀹瑰拰綾誨瀷鐩擱厤鐨勮瘽錛岃繑鍥炵湡鍊箋?
銆銆絎崄涓冿紝緇欐垜涓涓綘鏈甯歌鍒扮殑runtime exception銆?
銆銆ArithmeticException, ArrayStoreException, BufferOverflowException, BufferUnderflowException, CannotRedoException, CannotUndoException, ClassCastException, CMMException, ConcurrentModificationException, DOMException, EmptyStackException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalMonitorStateException, IllegalPathStateException, IllegalStateException,
銆銆 ImagingOpException, MissingResourceException, NegativeArraySizeException, NoSuchElementException, NullPointerException, ProfileDataException, ProviderException, RasterFORMatException, SecurityException, SystemException, UndeclaredThrowableException, UnmodifiableSetException, UnsupportedOperationException
銆銆絎崄鍏紝error鍜宔xception鏈変粈涔堝尯鍒?
銆銆error 琛ㄧず鎭㈠涓嶆槸涓嶅彲鑳戒絾寰堝洶闅劇殑鎯呭喌涓嬬殑涓縐嶄弗閲嶉棶棰樸傛瘮濡傝鍐呭瓨婧㈠嚭銆備笉鍙兘鎸囨湜紼嬪簭鑳藉鐞嗚繖鏍風殑鎯呭喌銆?
銆銆 exception 琛ㄧず涓縐嶈璁℃垨瀹炵幇闂銆備篃灝辨槸璇達紝瀹冭〃紺哄鏋滅▼搴忚繍琛屾甯革紝浠庝笉浼氬彂鐢熺殑鎯呭喌銆?
銆銆 絎崄涔濓紝List, Set, Map鏄惁緇ф壙鑷狢ollection鎺ュ彛?
銆銆List錛孲et鏄?
銆銆Map涓嶆槸
銆銆絎簩鍗侊紝abstract class鍜宨nterface鏈変粈涔堝尯鍒?
銆銆澹版槑鏂規硶鐨勫瓨鍦ㄨ屼笉鍘誨疄鐜板畠鐨勭被琚彨鍋氭娊璞$被錛坅bstract class錛夛紝瀹冪敤浜庤鍒涘緩涓涓綋鐜版煇浜涘熀鏈涓虹殑綾伙紝騫朵負璇ョ被澹版槑鏂規硶錛屼絾涓嶈兘鍦ㄨ綾諱腑瀹炵幇璇ョ被鐨勬儏鍐點備笉鑳藉垱寤篴bstract 綾葷殑瀹炰緥銆傜劧鑰屽彲浠ュ垱寤轟竴涓彉閲忥紝鍏剁被鍨嬫槸涓涓娊璞$被錛屽茍璁╁畠鎸囧悜鍏蜂綋瀛愮被鐨勪竴涓疄渚嬨備笉鑳芥湁鎶借薄鏋勯犲嚱鏁版垨鎶借薄闈欐佹柟娉曘侫bstract 綾葷殑瀛愮被涓哄畠浠埗綾諱腑鐨勬墍鏈夋娊璞℃柟娉曟彁渚涘疄鐜幫紝鍚﹀垯瀹冧滑涔熸槸鎶借薄綾諱負銆傚彇鑰屼唬涔嬶紝鍦ㄥ瓙綾諱腑瀹炵幇璇ユ柟娉曘傜煡閬撳叾琛屼負鐨勫叾瀹冪被鍙互鍦ㄧ被涓疄鐜拌繖浜涙柟娉曘?
銆銆鎺ュ彛錛坕nterface錛夋槸鎶借薄綾葷殑鍙樹綋銆傚湪鎺ュ彛涓紝鎵鏈夋柟娉曢兘鏄娊璞$殑銆傚緇ф壙鎬у彲閫氳繃瀹炵幇榪欐牱鐨勬帴鍙h岃幏寰椼傛帴鍙d腑鐨勬墍鏈夋柟娉曢兘鏄娊璞$殑錛屾病鏈変竴涓湁紼嬪簭浣撱傛帴鍙e彧鍙互瀹氫箟static final鎴愬憳鍙橀噺銆傛帴鍙g殑瀹炵幇涓庡瓙綾葷浉浼鹼紝闄や簡璇ュ疄鐜扮被涓嶈兘浠庢帴鍙e畾涔変腑緇ф壙琛屼負銆傚綋綾誨疄鐜扮壒孌婃帴鍙f椂錛屽畠瀹氫箟錛堝嵆灝嗙▼搴忎綋緇欎簣錛夋墍鏈夎繖縐嶆帴鍙g殑鏂規硶銆傜劧鍚庯紝瀹冨彲浠ュ湪瀹炵幇浜嗚鎺ュ彛鐨勭被鐨勪換浣曞璞′笂璋冪敤鎺ュ彛鐨勬柟娉曘傜敱浜庢湁鎶借薄綾伙紝瀹冨厑璁鎬嬌鐢ㄦ帴鍙e悕浣滀負寮曠敤鍙橀噺鐨勭被鍨嬨傞氬父鐨勫姩鎬佽仈緙栧皢鐢熸晥銆傚紩鐢ㄥ彲浠ヨ漿鎹㈠埌鎺ュ彛綾誨瀷鎴栦粠鎺ュ彛綾誨瀷杞崲錛宨nstanceof 榪愮畻絎﹀彲浠ョ敤鏉ュ喅瀹氭煇瀵硅薄鐨勭被鏄惁瀹炵幇浜嗘帴鍙c?
銆銆絎簩鍗佷竴錛宎bstract鐨刴ethod鏄惁鍙悓鏃舵槸static,鏄惁鍙悓鏃舵槸native錛屾槸鍚﹀彲鍚屾椂鏄痵ynchronized?
銆銆閮戒笉鑳?
銆銆絎簩鍗佷簩錛屾帴鍙f槸鍚﹀彲緇ф壙鎺ュ彛? 鎶借薄綾繪槸鍚﹀彲瀹炵幇(implements)鎺ュ彛? 鎶借薄綾繪槸鍚﹀彲緇ф壙瀹炰綋綾?concrete class)?
銆銆鎺ュ彛鍙互緇ф壙鎺ュ彛銆傛娊璞$被鍙互瀹炵幇(implements)鎺ュ彛錛屾娊璞$被鏄惁鍙戶鎵垮疄浣撶被錛屼絾鍓嶆彁鏄疄浣撶被蹇呴』鏈夋槑紜殑鏋勯犲嚱鏁般?
銆銆絎簩鍗佷笁錛屽惎鍔ㄤ竴涓嚎紼嬫槸鐢╮un()榪樻槸start()?
銆銆鍚姩涓涓嚎紼嬫槸璋冪敤start()鏂規硶錛屼嬌綰跨▼鎵浠h〃鐨勮櫄鎷熷鐞嗘満澶勪簬鍙繍琛岀姸鎬侊紝榪欐剰鍛崇潃瀹冨彲浠ョ敱JVM璋冨害騫舵墽琛屻傝繖騫朵笉鎰忓懗鐫綰跨▼灝變細绔嬪嵆榪愯銆俽un()鏂規硶鍙互浜х敓蹇呴』閫鍑虹殑鏍囧織鏉ュ仠姝竴涓嚎紼嬨?
銆銆絎簩鍗佸洓錛屾瀯閫犲櫒Constructor鏄惁鍙override?
銆銆鏋勯犲櫒Constructor涓嶈兘琚戶鎵匡紝鍥犳涓嶈兘閲嶅啓Overriding錛屼絾鍙互琚噸杞絆verloading銆?
銆銆絎簩鍗佷簲錛屾槸鍚﹀彲浠ョ戶鎵縎tring綾?
銆銆String綾繪槸final綾繪晠涓嶅彲浠ョ戶鎵褲?
銆銆絎簩鍗佸叚錛屽綋涓涓嚎紼嬭繘鍏ヤ竴涓璞$殑涓涓猻ynchronized鏂規硶鍚庯紝鍏跺畠綰跨▼鏄惁鍙繘鍏ユ瀵硅薄鐨勫叾瀹冩柟娉?
銆銆涓嶈兘錛屼竴涓璞$殑涓涓猻ynchronized鏂規硶鍙兘鐢變竴涓嚎紼嬭闂?
銆銆 絎簩鍗佷竷錛宼ry {}閲屾湁涓涓猺eturn璇彞錛岄偅涔堢揣璺熷湪榪欎釜try鍚庣殑finally {}閲岀殑code浼氫笉浼氳鎵ц錛屼粈涔堟椂鍊欒鎵ц錛屽湪return鍓嶈繕鏄悗?
銆銆浼氭墽琛岋紝鍦╮eturn鍓嶆墽琛屻?
銆銆 絎簩鍗佸叓錛岀紪紼嬮: 鐢ㄦ渶鏈夋晥鐜囩殑鏂規硶綆楀嚭2涔樹互8絳夋柤鍑?
銆銆鏈塁鑳屾櫙鐨勭▼搴忓憳鐗瑰埆鍠滄闂繖縐嶉棶棰樸?
銆銆絎簩鍗佷節錛屼袱涓璞″肩浉鍚?x.equals(y) == true)錛屼絾鍗村彲鏈変笉鍚岀殑hash code錛岃繖鍙ヨ瘽瀵逛笉瀵?
銆銆涓嶅錛屾湁鐩稿悓鐨刪ash code銆?
銆銆絎笁鍗侊紝褰撲竴涓璞¤褰撲綔鍙傛暟浼犻掑埌涓涓柟娉曞悗錛屾鏂規硶鍙敼鍙樿繖涓璞$殑灞炴э紝騫跺彲榪斿洖鍙樺寲鍚庣殑緇撴灉錛岄偅涔堣繖閲屽埌搴曟槸鍊間紶閫掕繕鏄紩鐢ㄤ紶閫?
銆銆鏄間紶閫掋侸ava 緙栫▼璇█鍙敱鍊間紶閫掑弬鏁般傚綋涓涓璞″疄渚嬩綔涓轟竴涓弬鏁拌浼犻掑埌鏂規硶涓椂錛屽弬鏁扮殑鍊煎氨鏄璇ュ璞$殑寮曠敤銆傚璞$殑鍐呭鍙互鍦ㄨ璋冪敤鐨勬柟娉曚腑鏀瑰彉錛屼絾瀵硅薄鐨勫紩鐢ㄦ槸姘歌繙涓嶄細鏀瑰彉鐨勩?
銆銆絎笁鍗佷竴錛宻wtich鏄惁鑳戒綔鐢ㄥ湪byte涓婏紝鏄惁鑳戒綔鐢ㄥ湪long涓婏紝鏄惁鑳戒綔鐢ㄥ湪String涓?
銆銆switch錛坋xpr1錛変腑錛宔xpr1鏄竴涓暣鏁拌〃杈懼紡銆傚洜姝や紶閫掔粰 switch 鍜?case 璇彞鐨勫弬鏁板簲璇ユ槸 int銆?short銆?char 鎴栬?byte銆俵ong,string 閮戒笉鑳戒綔鐢ㄤ簬swtich銆?
銆銆絎笁鍗佷簩錛岀紪紼嬮: 鍐欎竴涓猄ingleton鍑烘潵銆?
銆銆Singleton妯″紡涓昏浣滅敤鏄繚璇佸湪Java搴旂敤紼嬪簭涓紝涓涓被Class鍙湁涓涓疄渚嬪瓨鍦ㄣ?/p>
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銆銆(1) 綾誨悕棣栧瓧姣嶅簲璇ュぇ鍐欍傚瓧孌點佹柟娉曚互鍙婂璞★紙鍙ユ焺錛夌殑棣栧瓧姣嶅簲灝忓啓銆傚浜庢墍鏈夋爣璇嗙錛屽叾涓寘鍚殑鎵鏈夊崟璇嶉兘搴旂揣闈犲湪涓璧鳳紝鑰屼笖澶у啓涓棿鍗曡瘝鐨勯瀛楁瘝銆備緥濡傦細
銆銆ThisIsAClassName
銆銆thisIsMethodOrFieldName
銆銆鑻ュ湪瀹氫箟涓嚭鐜頒簡甯告暟鍒濆鍖栧瓧絎︼紝鍒欏ぇ鍐檚tatic final鍩烘湰綾誨瀷鏍囪瘑絎︿腑鐨勬墍鏈夊瓧姣嶃傝繖鏍蜂究鍙爣蹇楀嚭瀹冧滑灞炰簬緙栬瘧鏈熺殑甯告暟銆?
銆銆Java鍖咃紙Package錛夊睘浜庝竴縐嶇壒孌婃儏鍐碉細瀹冧滑鍏ㄩ兘鏄皬鍐欏瓧姣嶏紝鍗充究涓棿鐨勫崟璇嶄害鏄姝ゃ傚浜庡煙鍚嶆墿灞曞悕縐幫紝濡俢om錛宱rg錛宯et鎴栬卐du絳夛紝鍏ㄩ儴閮藉簲灝忓啓錛堣繖涔熸槸Java 1.1鍜孞ava 1.2鐨勫尯鍒箣涓錛夈?
銆銆(2) 涓轟簡甯歌鐢ㄩ旇屽垱寤轟竴涓被鏃訛紝璇烽噰鍙栤滅粡鍏稿艦寮忊濓紝騫跺寘鍚涓嬭堪鍏冪礌鐨勫畾涔夛細
equals()
hashCode()
toString()
clone()錛坕mplement Cloneable錛?
implement Serializable
銆銆(3) 瀵逛簬鑷繁鍒涘緩鐨勬瘡涓涓被錛岄兘鑰冭檻緗叆涓涓猰ain()錛屽叾涓寘鍚簡鐢ㄤ簬嫻嬭瘯閭d釜綾葷殑浠g爜銆備負浣跨敤涓涓」鐩腑鐨勭被錛屾垜浠病蹇呰鍒犻櫎嫻嬭瘯浠g爜銆傝嫢榪涜浜嗕換浣曞艦寮忕殑鏀瑰姩錛屽彲鏂逛究鍦拌繑鍥炴祴璇曘傝繖浜涗唬鐮佷篃鍙綔涓哄浣曚嬌鐢ㄧ被鐨勪竴涓ず渚嬩嬌鐢ㄣ?
銆銆(4) 搴斿皢鏂規硶璁捐鎴愮畝瑕佺殑銆佸姛鑳芥у崟鍏冿紝鐢ㄥ畠鎻忚堪鍜屽疄鐜頒竴涓笉榪炵畫鐨勭被鎺ュ彛閮ㄥ垎銆傜悊鎯蟲儏鍐典笅錛屾柟娉曞簲綆鏄庢壖瑕併傝嫢闀垮害寰堝ぇ錛屽彲鑰冭檻閫氳繃鏌愮鏂瑰紡灝嗗叾鍒嗗壊鎴愯緝鐭殑鍑犱釜鏂規硶銆傝繖鏍峰仛涔熶究浜庣被鍐呬唬鐮佺殑閲嶅浣跨敤錛堟湁浜涙椂鍊欙紝鏂規硶蹇呴』闈炲父澶э紝浣嗗畠浠粛搴斿彧鍋氬悓鏍風殑涓浠朵簨鎯咃級銆?
銆銆(5) 璁捐涓涓被鏃訛紝璇瘋韜鍦頒負瀹㈡埛紼嬪簭鍛樿冭檻涓涓嬶紙綾葷殑浣跨敤鏂規硶搴旇鏄潪甯告槑紜殑錛夈傜劧鍚庯紝鍐嶈韜鍦頒負綆$悊浠g爜鐨勪漢鑰冭檻涓涓嬶紙棰勮鏈夊彲鑳借繘琛屽摢浜涘艦寮忕殑淇敼錛屾兂鎯崇敤浠涔堟柟娉曞彲鎶婂畠浠彉寰楁洿綆鍗曪級銆?
銆銆(6) 浣跨被灝藉彲鑳界煭灝忕簿鎮嶏紝鑰屼笖鍙В鍐充竴涓壒瀹氱殑闂銆備笅闈㈡槸瀵圭被璁捐鐨勪竴浜涘緩璁細
銆銆鈻犱竴涓鏉傜殑寮鍏寵鍙ワ細鑰冭檻閲囩敤鈥滃褰⑩濇満鍒?
銆銆鈻犳暟閲忎紬澶氱殑鏂規硶娑夊強鍒扮被鍨嬪樊鍒瀬澶х殑鎿嶄綔錛氳冭檻鐢ㄥ嚑涓被鏉ュ垎鍒疄鐜?
銆銆鈻犺澶氭垚鍛樺彉閲忓湪鐗瑰緛涓婃湁寰堝ぇ鐨勫樊鍒細鑰冭檻浣跨敤鍑犱釜綾?
銆銆(7) 璁╀竴鍒囦笢瑗塊兘灝藉彲鑳藉湴鈥滅鏈夆濃斺攑rivate銆傚彲浣垮簱鐨勬煇涓閮ㄥ垎鈥滃叕鍏卞寲鈥濓紙涓涓柟娉曘佺被鎴栬呬竴涓瓧孌電瓑絳夛級錛屽氨姘歌繙涓嶈兘鎶婂畠鎷垮嚭銆傝嫢寮鴻鎷垮嚭錛屽氨鍙兘鐮村潖鍏朵粬浜虹幇鏈夌殑浠g爜錛屼嬌浠栦滑涓嶅緱涓嶉噸鏂扮紪鍐欏拰璁捐銆傝嫢鍙叕甯冭嚜宸卞繀欏誨叕甯冪殑錛屽氨鍙斁蹇冨ぇ鑳嗗湴鏀瑰彉鍏朵粬浠諱綍涓滆タ銆傚湪澶氱嚎紼嬬幆澧冧腑錛岄殣縐佹槸鐗瑰埆閲嶈鐨勪竴涓洜绱犫斺斿彧鏈塸rivate瀛楁鎵嶈兘鍦ㄩ潪鍚屾浣跨敤鐨勬儏鍐典笅鍙楀埌淇濇姢銆?
銆銆(8) 璋ㄦ儠鈥滃法澶у璞$患鍚堢棁鈥濄傚涓浜涗範鎯簬欏哄簭緙栫▼鎬濈淮銆佷笖鍒濇秹OOP棰嗗煙鐨勬柊鎵嬶紝寰寰鍠滄鍏堝啓涓涓『搴忔墽琛岀殑紼嬪簭錛屽啀鎶婂畠宓屽叆涓涓垨涓や釜宸ㄥぇ鐨勫璞¢噷銆傛牴鎹紪紼嬪師鐞嗭紝瀵硅薄琛ㄨ揪鐨勫簲璇ユ槸搴旂敤紼嬪簭鐨勬蹇碉紝鑰岄潪搴旂敤紼嬪簭鏈韓銆?
銆銆(9) 鑻ヤ笉寰楀凡榪涜涓浜涗笉澶泤瑙傜殑緙栫▼錛岃嚦灝戝簲璇ユ妸閭d簺浠g爜緗簬涓涓被鐨勫唴閮ㄣ?
銆銆(10) 浠諱綍鏃跺欏彧瑕佸彂鐜扮被涓庣被涔嬮棿緇撳悎寰楅潪甯哥揣瀵嗭紝灝遍渶瑕佽冭檻鏄惁閲囩敤鍐呴儴綾伙紝浠庤屾敼鍠勭紪鐮佸強緇存姢宸ヤ綔錛堝弬瑙佺14绔?4.1.2灝忚妭鐨勨滅敤鍐呴儴綾繪敼榪涗唬鐮佲濓級銆?
銆銆(11) 灝藉彲鑳界粏鑷村湴鍔犱笂娉ㄩ噴錛屽茍鐢╦avadoc娉ㄩ噴鏂囨。璇硶鐢熸垚鑷繁鐨勭▼搴忔枃妗c?
銆銆(12) 閬垮厤浣跨敤鈥滈瓟鏈暟瀛椻濓紝榪欎簺鏁板瓧寰堥毦涓庝唬鐮佸緢濂藉湴閰嶅悎銆傚浠ュ悗闇瑕佷慨鏀瑰畠錛屾棤鐤戜細鎴愪負涓鍦哄櫓姊︼紝鍥犱負鏍規湰涓嶇煡閬撯?00鈥濆埌搴曟槸鎸団滄暟緇勫ぇ灝忊濊繕鏄滃叾浠栧叏鐒朵笉鍚岀殑涓滆タ鈥濄傛墍浠ワ紝鎴戜滑搴斿垱寤轟竴涓父鏁幫紝騫朵負鍏朵嬌鐢ㄥ叿鏈夎鏈嶅姏鐨勬弿榪版у悕縐幫紝騫跺湪鏁翠釜紼嬪簭涓兘閲囩敤甯告暟鏍囪瘑絎︺傝繖鏍峰彲浣跨▼搴忔洿鏄撶悊瑙d互鍙婃洿鏄撶淮鎶ゃ?
銆銆(13) 娑夊強鏋勫緩鍣ㄥ拰寮傚父鐨勬椂鍊欙紝閫氬父甯屾湜閲嶆柊涓㈠純鍦ㄦ瀯寤哄櫒涓崟鑾風殑浠諱綍寮傚父鈥斺斿鏋滃畠閫犳垚浜嗛偅涓璞$殑鍒涘緩澶辮觸銆傝繖鏍蜂竴鏉ワ紝璋冪敤鑰呭氨涓嶄細浠ヤ負閭d釜瀵硅薄宸叉紜湴鍒涘緩錛屼粠鑰岀洸鐩湴緇х畫銆?
銆銆(14) 褰撳鎴風▼搴忓憳鐢ㄥ畬瀵硅薄浠ュ悗錛岃嫢浣犵殑綾昏姹傝繘琛屼換浣曟竻闄ゅ伐浣滐紝鍙冭檻灝嗘竻闄や唬鐮佺疆浜庝竴涓壇濂藉畾涔夌殑鏂規硶閲岋紝閲囩敤綾諱技浜巆leanup()榪欐牱鐨勫悕瀛楋紝鏄庣‘琛ㄦ槑鑷繁鐨勭敤閫斻傞櫎姝や互澶栵紝鍙湪綾誨唴鏀劇疆涓涓猙oolean錛堝竷灝旓級鏍囪錛屾寚鍑哄璞℃槸鍚﹀凡琚竻闄ゃ傚湪綾葷殑finalize()鏂規硶閲岋紝璇風‘瀹氬璞″凡琚竻闄わ紝騫跺凡涓㈠純浜嗕粠RuntimeException緇ф壙鐨勪竴涓被錛堝鏋滆繕娌℃湁鐨勮瘽錛夛紝浠庤屾寚鍑轟竴涓紪紼嬮敊璇傚湪閲囧彇璞¤繖鏍風殑鏂規涔嬪墠錛岃紜畾finalize()鑳藉鍦ㄨ嚜宸辯殑緋葷粺涓伐浣滐紙鍙兘闇瑕佽皟鐢⊿ystem.runFinalizersOnExit(true)錛屼粠鑰岀‘淇濊繖涓琛屼負錛夈?
銆銆(15) 鍦ㄤ竴涓壒瀹氱殑浣滅敤鍩熷唴錛岃嫢涓涓璞″繀欏繪竻闄わ紙闈炵敱鍨冨溇鏀墮泦鏈哄埗澶勭悊錛夛紝璇烽噰鐢ㄤ笅榪版柟娉曪細鍒濆鍖栧璞★紱鑻ユ垚鍔燂紝鍒欑珛鍗寵繘鍏ヤ竴涓惈鏈塮inally浠庡彞鐨則ry鍧楋紝寮濮嬫竻闄ゅ伐浣溿?
銆銆(16) 鑻ュ湪鍒濆鍖栬繃紼嬩腑闇瑕佽鐩栵紙鍙栨秷錛塮inalize()錛岃璁頒綇璋冪敤super.finalize()錛堣嫢Object灞炰簬鎴戜滑鐨勭洿鎺ヨ秴綾伙紝鍒欐棤姝ゅ繀瑕侊級銆傚湪瀵筬inalize()榪涜瑕嗙洊鐨勮繃紼嬩腑錛屽super.finalize()鐨勮皟鐢ㄥ簲灞炰簬鏈鍚庝竴涓鍔紝鑰屼笉搴旀槸絎竴涓鍔紝榪欐牱鍙‘淇濆湪闇瑕佸熀紜綾葷粍浠剁殑鏃跺欏畠浠緷鐒舵湁鏁堛?
銆銆(17) 鍒涘緩澶у皬鍥哄畾鐨勫璞¢泦鍚堟椂錛岃灝嗗畠浠紶杈撹嚦涓涓暟緇勶紙鑻ュ噯澶囦粠涓涓柟娉曢噷榪斿洖榪欎釜闆嗗悎錛屾洿搴斿姝ゆ搷浣滐級銆傝繖鏍蜂竴鏉ワ紝鎴戜滑灝卞彲浜彈鍒版暟緇勫湪緙栬瘧鏈熻繘琛岀被鍨嬫鏌ョ殑濂藉銆傛澶栵紝涓轟嬌鐢ㄥ畠浠紝鏁扮粍鐨勬帴鏀惰呬篃璁稿茍涓嶉渶瑕佸皢瀵硅薄鈥滈犲瀷鈥濆埌鏁扮粍閲屻?
銆銆(18) 灝介噺浣跨敤interfaces錛屼笉瑕佷嬌鐢╝bstract綾匯傝嫢宸茬煡鏌愭牱涓滆タ鍑嗗鎴愪負涓涓熀紜綾伙紝閭d箞絎竴涓夋嫨搴旀槸灝嗗叾鍙樻垚涓涓猧nterface錛堟帴鍙o級銆傚彧鏈夊湪涓嶅緱涓嶄嬌鐢ㄦ柟娉曞畾涔夋垨鑰呮垚鍛樺彉閲忕殑鏃跺欙紝鎵嶉渶瑕佸皢鍏跺彉鎴愪竴涓猘bstract錛堟娊璞★級綾匯傛帴鍙d富瑕佹弿榪頒簡瀹㈡埛甯屾湜鍋氫粈涔堜簨鎯咃紝鑰屼竴涓被鍒欒嚧鍔涗簬錛堟垨鍏佽錛夊叿浣撶殑瀹炴柦緇嗚妭銆?
銆銆(19) 鍦ㄦ瀯寤哄櫒鍐呴儴錛屽彧榪涜閭d簺灝嗗璞¤涓烘紜姸鎬佹墍闇鐨勫伐浣溿傚敖鍙兘鍦伴伩鍏嶈皟鐢ㄥ叾浠栨柟娉曪紝鍥犱負閭d簺鏂規硶鍙兘琚叾浠栦漢瑕嗙洊鎴栧彇娑堬紝浠庤屽湪鏋勫緩榪囩▼涓駭鐢熶笉鍙鐭ョ殑緇撴灉錛堝弬瑙佺7绔犵殑璇︾粏璇存槑錛夈?
銆銆(20) 瀵硅薄涓嶅簲鍙槸綆鍗曞湴瀹圭撼涓浜涙暟鎹紱瀹冧滑鐨勮涓轟篃搴斿緱鍒拌壇濂界殑瀹氫箟銆?
銆銆(21) 鍦ㄧ幇鎴愮被鐨勫熀紜涓婂垱寤烘柊綾繪椂錛岃棣栧厛閫夋嫨鈥滄柊寤衡濇垨鈥滃垱浣溾濄傚彧鏈夎嚜宸辯殑璁捐瑕佹眰蹇呴』緇ф壙鏃訛紝鎵嶅簲鑰冭檻榪欐柟闈㈢殑闂銆傝嫢鍦ㄦ湰鏉ュ厑璁告柊寤虹殑鍦哄悎浣跨敤浜嗙戶鎵匡紝鍒欐暣涓璁′細鍙樺緱娌℃湁蹇呰鍦板鏉傘?
銆銆(22) 鐢ㄧ戶鎵垮強鏂規硶瑕嗙洊鏉ヨ〃紺鴻涓洪棿鐨勫樊寮傦紝鑰岀敤瀛楁琛ㄧず鐘舵侀棿鐨勫尯鍒備竴涓潪甯告瀬绔殑渚嬪瓙鏄氳繃瀵逛笉鍚岀被鐨勭戶鎵挎潵琛ㄧず棰滆壊錛岃繖鏄粷瀵瑰簲璇ラ伩鍏嶇殑錛氬簲鐩存帴浣跨敤涓涓滈鑹測濆瓧孌點?
銆銆(23) 涓洪伩鍏嶇紪紼嬫椂閬囧埌楹葷儲錛岃淇濊瘉鍦ㄨ嚜宸辯被璺緞鎸囧埌鐨勪換浣曞湴鏂癸紝姣忎釜鍚嶅瓧閮戒粎瀵瑰簲涓涓被銆傚惁鍒欙紝緙栬瘧鍣ㄥ彲鑳藉厛鎵懼埌鍚屽悕鐨勫彟涓涓被錛屽茍鎶ュ憡鍑洪敊娑堟伅銆傝嫢鎬鐤戣嚜宸辯鍒頒簡綾昏礬寰勯棶棰橈紝璇瘋瘯璇曞湪綾昏礬寰勭殑姣忎竴涓搗鐐癸紝鎼滅儲涓涓嬪悓鍚嶇殑.class鏂囦歡銆?
銆銆(24) 鍦↗ava 1.1 AWT涓嬌鐢ㄤ簨浠垛滈傞厤鍣ㄢ濇椂錛岀壒鍒鏄撶鍒頒竴涓櫡闃便傝嫢瑕嗙洊浜嗘煇涓傞厤鍣ㄦ柟娉曪紝鍚屾椂鎷煎啓鏂規硶娌℃湁鐗瑰埆璁茬┒錛屾渶鍚庣殑緇撴灉灝辨槸鏂版坊鍔犱竴涓柟娉曪紝鑰屼笉鏄鐩栫幇鎴愭柟娉曘傜劧鑰岋紝鐢變簬榪欐牱鍋氭槸瀹屽叏鍚堟硶鐨勶紝鎵浠ヤ笉浼氫粠緙栬瘧鍣ㄦ垨榪愯鏈熺郴緇熻幏寰椾換浣曞嚭閿欐彁紺衡斺斿彧涓嶈繃浠g爜鐨勫伐浣滃氨鍙樺緱涓嶆甯鎬簡銆?
銆銆(25) 鐢ㄥ悎鐞嗙殑璁捐鏂規娑堥櫎鈥滀吉鍔熻兘鈥濄備篃灝辨槸璇達紝鍋囪嫢鍙渶瑕佸垱寤虹被鐨勪竴涓璞★紝灝變笉瑕佹彁鍓嶉檺鍒惰嚜宸變嬌鐢ㄥ簲鐢ㄧ▼搴忥紝騫跺姞涓婁竴鏉♀滃彧鐢熸垚鍏朵腑涓涓濇敞閲娿傝鑰冭檻灝嗗叾灝佽鎴愪竴涓滅嫭鐢熷瓙鈥濈殑褰㈠紡銆傝嫢鍦ㄤ富紼嬪簭閲屾湁澶ч噺鏁d貢鐨勪唬鐮侊紝鐢ㄤ簬鍒涘緩鑷繁鐨勫璞★紝璇瘋冭檻閲囩撼涓縐嶅垱閫犳х殑鏂規錛屽皢浜涗唬鐮佸皝瑁呰搗鏉ャ?
銆銆(26) 璀︽儠鈥滃垎鏋愮槴鐥濄傝璁頒綇錛屾棤璁哄浣曢兘瑕佹彁鍓嶄簡瑙f暣涓」鐩殑鐘跺喌錛屽啀鍘昏冨療鍏朵腑鐨勭粏鑺傘傜敱浜庢妸鎻′簡鍏ㄥ眬錛屽彲蹇熻璇嗚嚜宸辨湭鐭ョ殑涓浜涘洜绱狅紝闃叉鍦ㄨ冨療緇嗚妭鐨勬椂鍊欓櫡鍏モ滄閫昏緫鈥濅腑銆?
銆銆(27) 璀︽儠鈥滆繃鏃╀紭鍖栤濄傞鍏堣瀹冭繍琛岃搗鏉ワ紝鍐嶈冭檻鍙樺緱鏇村揩鈥斺斾絾鍙湁鍦ㄨ嚜宸卞繀欏昏繖鏍峰仛銆佽屼笖緇忚瘉瀹炲湪鏌愰儴鍒嗕唬鐮佷腑鐨勭‘瀛樺湪涓涓ц兘鐡墮鐨勬椂鍊欙紝鎵嶅簲榪涜浼樺寲銆傞櫎闈炵敤涓撻棬鐨勫伐鍏峰垎鏋愮摱棰堬紝鍚﹀垯寰堟湁鍙兘鏄湪嫻垂鑷繁鐨勬椂闂淬傛ц兘鎻愬崌鐨勯殣鍚唬浠鋒槸鑷繁鐨勪唬鐮佸彉寰楅毦浜庣悊瑙o紝鑰屼笖闅句簬緇存姢銆?
銆銆(28) 璇瘋浣忥紝闃呰浠g爜鐨勬椂闂存瘮鍐欎唬鐮佺殑鏃墮棿澶氬緱澶氥傛濊礬娓呮櫚鐨勮璁″彲鑾峰緱鏄撲簬鐞嗚В鐨勭▼搴忥紝浣嗘敞閲娿佺粏鑷寸殑瑙i噴浠ュ強涓浜涚ず渚嬪線寰鍏鋒湁涓嶅彲浼伴噺鐨勪環鍊箋傛棤璁哄浣犺嚜宸憋紝榪樻槸瀵瑰悗鏉ョ殑浜猴紝瀹冧滑閮芥槸鐩稿綋閲嶈鐨勩傚瀵規浠嶆湁鎬鐤戯紝閭d箞璇瘋瘯鎯寵嚜宸辮瘯鍥句粠鑱旀満Java鏂囨。閲屾壘鍑烘湁鐢ㄤ俊鎭椂紕板埌鐨勬尗鎶橈紝榪欐牱鎴栬鑳藉皢浣犺鏈嶃?
銆銆(29) 濡傝涓鴻嚜宸卞凡榪涜浜嗚壇濂界殑鍒嗘瀽銆佽璁℃垨鑰呭疄鏂斤紝閭d箞璇風◢寰洿鎹竴涓嬫濈淮瑙掑害銆傝瘯璇曢個璇蜂竴浜涘鏉ヤ漢澹斺斿茍涓嶄竴瀹氭槸涓撳錛屼絾鍙互鏄潵鑷湰鍏徃鍏朵粬閮ㄩ棬鐨勪漢銆傝浠栦滑鐢ㄥ畬鍏ㄦ柊椴滅殑鐪煎厜鑰冨療浣犵殑宸ヤ綔錛岀湅鐪嬫槸鍚﹁兘鎵懼嚭浣犱竴搴︾啛瑙嗘棤鐫圭殑闂銆傞噰鍙栬繖縐嶆柟寮忥紝寰寰鑳藉湪鏈閫傚悎淇敼鐨勯樁孌墊壘鍑轟竴浜涘叧閿х殑闂錛岄伩鍏嶄駭鍝佸彂琛屽悗鍐嶈В鍐抽棶棰樿岄犳垚鐨勯噾閽卞強綺懼姏鏂歸潰鐨勬崯澶便?
銆銆(30) 鑹ソ鐨勮璁¤兘甯︽潵鏈澶х殑鍥炴姤銆傜畝璦涔嬶紝瀵逛簬涓涓壒瀹氱殑闂錛岄氬父浼氳姳杈冮暱鐨勬椂闂存墠鑳芥壘鍒頒竴縐嶆渶鎭板綋鐨勮В鍐蟲柟妗堛備絾涓鏃︽壘鍒頒簡姝g‘鐨勬柟娉曪紝浠ュ悗鐨勫伐浣滃氨杞繪澗澶氫簡錛屽啀涔熶笉鐢ㄧ粡鍘嗘暟灝忔椂銆佹暟澶╂垨鑰呮暟鏈堢殑鐥涜嫤鎸f墡銆傛垜浠殑鍔姏宸ヤ綔浼氬甫鏉ユ渶澶х殑鍥炴姤錛堢敋鑷蟲棤鍙及閲忥級銆傝屼笖鐢變簬鑷繁鍊炬敞浜嗗ぇ閲忓績琛錛屾渶緇堣幏寰椾竴涓嚭鑹茬殑璁捐鏂規錛屾垚鍔熺殑蹇劅涔熸槸浠や漢蹇冨姩鐨勩傚潥鎸佹姷鍒惰崏鑽夊畬宸ョ殑璇辨儜鈥斺旈偅鏍峰仛寰寰寰椾笉鍋垮け銆?
銆銆(31) 鍙湪Web涓婃壘鍒板ぇ閲忕殑緙栫▼鍙傝冭祫婧愶紝鐢氳嚦鍖呮嫭澶ч噺鏂伴椈緇勩佽璁虹粍銆侀偖瀵勫垪琛ㄧ瓑銆偮犅犅犅犅犅?