Overview

The Google Web Toolkit and Echo2 definitely make for an interesting comparison. Both of these frameworks take a non-traditional approach toward web application development, even considering the latest crop of "AJAX-based frameworks" available today.

The most obvious similarity between GWT and Echo2 is that they both enable the developer to create dynamic, AJAX-driven web user interfaces using only Java. In both projects, UIs are developed in a fashion similar to SWT or Swing: by assembling hierarchies of components and registering event handlers. Neither project requires the developer to work with HTML, JavaScript, or XML.

The most obvious difference between GWT and Echo2 is that all of your GWT code is executed on the client, whereas your Echo2 code is executed on the server. There are advantages and disadvantages to both of these approaches, which will be highlighted throughout the article.

GWT's defining attribute is the Java-to-JavaScript compiler. This compiler allows you to develop the web interface to your application in Java, then compile it to JavaScript. GWT limits the developer to a subset of the Java 1.4 libraries. GWT applications can be served by any web server, such as Apache, without the need for server-side processing.

Echo2 applications are compiled to Java byte code and run on a Java server. Their Java code is executed by Echo2's "Web Application Container" layer, which sits atop a Java Servlet. On the web browser, the Echo2 "Client Engine" communicates user input to the Web Application Container via AJAX requests, with the server responding with directives to perform incremental updates to the state of the client web browser.

User Interface Performance

With GWT, all of your user interface code exists on the client browser. In operations that do not require server communication--that is, that do not require retrieving data from the middle tier--this configuration results in response times that are not dependent on the server. When data must be retrieved from the application's middle tier or business logic layer, the response time is subject to the same criteria as any other AJAX application, i.e., network latency, bandwidth, and server performance.

Echo2 application code is run on the server, so for each user interaction that requires a call to the middle tier or immediate execution of the application's Java code, an AJAX connection is made to the server. Echo2 components are designed to minimize the client/server communication as much as is possible, limiting it to times when the server must be notified immediately of events. For example, simple events such as user input to a TextField component will not result in server contact. The server's response is the minimum set of instructions to incrementally update the client to reflect the new screen state.

GWT applications are served to the client as a single HTML/JavaScript file, containing the entirety of the user interface. The size of this file will be proportional to the size of your user interface code and the toolkit libraries used by your application.

Echo2 JavaScript modules are lazy-loaded to the client, and thereafter cached. A module will be retrieved when a component first appears on-screen that requires it. Application code is never sent to the client, only the state of the user interface.

Middle Tier / Data Retrieval

To access business data or perform a business process, a GWT user interface makes a remote procedure call (RPC) from the browser to a Servlet. GWT provides a mechanism to make the RPC invocation transparent to the developer, allowing the developer to build the application with "Plain Old Java Objects" (POJOs). However, any application that provides an RPC capability is a distributed application -- even when the RPC is accomplished transparently to the developer. Distributed applications in businesses and enterprises usually have security considerations and the remote objects serving the GWT clients must be designed with a focus on security to deflect attacks from imitated or hostile client applications.

Echo2 applications support, but do not require, the use of distributed application logic or a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). Alternatively, Echo2 applications can be built to run entirely within a single JVM instance, backed by a POJO-based middle tier. This allows Echo2 developers to build applications without the security concerns of distributed application logic -- and leverage the many strong frameworks built around POJO development such as the Spring Framework and Hibernate. Echo2 accomplishes this by keeping the state of a user's web interface on the server so that no remote objects need to be exposed.

Run-time Environment

GWT has some limitations due to the fact that applications are run on the client browser. First, GWT applications are limited to using a subset of the core Java class libraries, consisting of 27 classes, 11 interfaces, and 18 exception types found in the java.util and java.lang packages (as of GWT 1.0.21). This limitation prevents GWT applications from linking to most existing Java libraries. Additionally, all Java code must be compliant with the Java 1.4 specification; 1.5 is not supported. Localization-related portions of the Java API are not provided.

Debugging

GWT provides an alternate deployment environment for applications to facilitate debugging. The environment, called "Hosted Mode", allows a GWT application to be run as Java byte code in a local JVM, to which an IDE's debugger can be connected. In this mode, the application's user interface is displayed in a special web browser (a Mozilla/Firefox derivative).

Echo2 applications may be debugged in the conventional manner, by connecting an IDE's debugger to a JVM running a Servlet container.

Licensing

The primary component of GWT, the Java-to-JavaScript cross-compiler, is proprietary, binary-only software. The Java API libraries are open source software, distributed under the Apache License. The API libraries have essentially no value without the proprietary compiler. The (non-critical) hosted-mode browser is also under the proprietary license. GWT is provided free of charge.

Echo2 is open source software, licensed under the Mozilla Public License, and provided free of charge.

Applicability

GWT can be used as a means of creating AJAX components to embed in traditional web applications (or even in static web pages) as well as for creating complete application user interfaces. There are some issues to using it for the creation of large applications, where downloading an entire application to a client web browser in one shot would not be practical. The lack of localization and full Java API support also presents a problem for larger solutions.

Echo2 is practical for creating web applications of any size. It is however not intended to scale downward to function as a platform for simply creating AJAX components in traditional web frameworks (or static web sites).

More Information

Google Web Toolkit:
Home Page, Example Applications, Getting Started Guide, Developer Guide

Echo2:
Home Page, Example Applications, Tutorial
posted by Tod Liebeck at 5:13 AM | 0 comments??

======================================
畢竟gwt還是小baby, 以后怎么發展還難說，現在下結論太早。這兩天試用一下，有空從細節上對比一下。

????????System.out.println(EcorePackage.eINSTANCE.eResource());? // 1
????????System.out.println(XMLTypePackage.eINSTANCE.eResource());? // 2

????????ResourceSet?rs? = ? new ?ResourceSetImpl();
????????rs.getResourceFactoryRegistry().getExtensionToFactoryMap().put(
????????????????Resource.Factory.Registry.DEFAULT_EXTENSION,
???????????????? new ?XMIResourceFactoryImpl());
????????String?uri? = ? " http://abc.eg/asdf " ;
// ????????System.out.println(rs.createResource(URI.createURI(uri)));? // ?如果創建過臨時的，得到這個
// ????????System.out.println(rs.createResource(URI.createURI(uri)));? // ?如果創建過多個臨時的，返回第一個，這個忽略
????????rs.getPackageRegistry().put(uri,?EcorePackage.eINSTANCE);? // 得到結果同1,如果上面取消注釋，本地創建的優先

????????System.out.println(rs.getResource(URI.createURI(uri),? false ));? // 同1

createResource每次創建新的，getResource則是唯一實例的。

每個生成的XxxPackage.eINSTANCE會自行創建自己的Resource。如果在插件中修改了EcorePackge.eInstance.eResource()，會不會天下大亂呢？

==================
eclispe編輯器右邊的Mark Occurrence很方便，但是家里電腦上的這個黃色小標記很不清楚。前幾天調整了老半天，修改配色方案，換顯示器驅動，調整顯示器對比度、亮度都收效不大。昨天偶然把XP的桌面風格換回傳統模式，搞定了。

ecore.ecore這個問題很有意思，以前看過schema.xsd，就是自己定義自己。據說JDK也是用java開發編譯出來的。。。
先有雞還是現有蛋呢？

import ?java.io.IOException;
import ?java.util.Iterator;

import ?org.eclipse.emf.common.util.Diagnostic;
import ?org.eclipse.emf.common.util.URI;
import ?org.eclipse.emf.ecore.EObject;
import ?org.eclipse.emf.ecore.resource.Resource;
import ?org.eclipse.emf.ecore.util.Diagnostician;
import ?org.eclipse.emf.ecore.xmi.XMLResource;
import ?org.eclipse.emf.ecore.xmi.impl.XMLResourceImpl;
import ?org.steeven.family.FamilyFactory;
import ?org.steeven.family.人物;
import ?org.steeven.family.家庭;
import ?org.steeven.family.性別;

public ? class ?TestMy? {

???? public ? static ? void ?main(String[]?args)? throws ?IOException? {
????????testFamily();
????}

???? private ? static ? void ?testFamily()? throws ?IOException? {
????????家庭?family? = ?FamilyFactory.eINSTANCE.create家庭();
????????family.setTitle( " steeven家 " );
????????family.set老公(FamilyFactory.eINSTANCE.create人物());
????????family.get老公().set姓名( " steeven " );
????????family.set老婆(FamilyFactory.eINSTANCE.create人物());
????????family.get老婆().set姓名( " stella " );
????????family.get老婆().set性別(性別.女_LITERAL);
????????人物?sophie? = ?FamilyFactory.eINSTANCE.create人物();
????????sophie.set姓名( " sophie " );
????????sophie.set性別(性別.女_LITERAL);
????????family.get兔崽子().add(sophie);
????????dump(family);
????????validate(family);
????}

???? private ? static ? void ?validate(EObject?family)? {
????????Diagnostic?diagnostic? = ?Diagnostician.INSTANCE.validate(family);
????????System.out.println(diagnostic);
???????? for ?(Iterator?it? = ?diagnostic.getChildren().iterator();?it.hasNext();)? {
????????????Diagnostic?diag? = ?(Diagnostic)?it.next();
????????????System.out.println(diag.getMessage());
????????}
????}

???? private ? static ?Resource?dump(EObject?objs)? throws ?IOException? {
???????? // ?ResourceSet?rs?=?new?ResourceSetImpl();
???????? // ?rs.getResourceFactoryRegistry().getExtensionToFactoryMap().put(
???????? // ?Resource.Factory.Registry.DEFAULT_EXTENSION,
???????? // ?new?XMIResourceFactoryImpl());
???????? // ?Resource?resource?=?rs.createResource(URI
???????? // ?.createFileURI("c:\\temp\\test.xml"));
????????XMLResource?resource? = ? new ?XMLResourceImpl(URI
????????????????.createFileURI( " c:\\temp\\test.xml " ));
????????resource.setEncoding( " GBK " );
???????? for ?(EObject?obj?:?objs)
????????????resource.getContents().add(obj);? // ?目前版本不加入resource驗證會報singling異常
????????resource.save(System.out,? null );
???????? return ?resource;
????}
}

運行結果如下:

<? xml?version="1.0"?encoding="GBK" ?>
< family: 家庭?xmlns:family ="http://org.steeven/family" ?title ="steeven家" ?老公 ="/" ?老婆 ="/" ?兔崽子 ="/" />
Diagnostic?ERROR?
The?feature?'老公'?of?'org.steeven.family.impl.家庭Impl@f6a746{file:/c:/temp/test.xml#/}'?contains?a?dangling?reference?'org.steeven.family.impl.人物Impl@6eb38a{#//}'
The?feature?'老婆'?of?'org.steeven.family.impl.家庭Impl@f6a746{file:/c:/temp/test.xml#/}'?contains?a?dangling?reference?'org.steeven.family.impl.人物Impl@1cd2e5f{#//}'
The?feature?'兔崽子'?of?'org.steeven.family.impl.家庭Impl@f6a746{file:/c:/temp/test.xml#/}'?contains?a?dangling?reference?'org.steeven.family.impl.人物Impl@19f953d{#//}'

<?xml?version="1.0"?encoding="GBK"?>
<family:家庭?xmlns:family="http://org.steeven/family"?title="steeven家">
??<老公?姓名="steeven"/>
??<老婆?性別="女"?姓名="stella"/>
??<兔崽子?性別="女"?姓名="sophie"/>
</family:家庭>
Diagnostic?OK

for(Blogger blogger :  BlogFarm.getInstance["BlogJava"].getBloggers()){
    blogger.setHealth(Health.good);
    blogger.getFamily().setHappy(blogger.getFamily().getHappy() + 1);
    blogger.setMoney(blogger.getMoney * 10);
}

備注：
1.未單元測試
2. 感覺不如c#版新春祝福優雅一些

    /** *//**
     * 1. 空指針抑制<br>
     * JVM支持的Runtime空指針抑制，根據方法的[Nullable]標記<br>
     * java里面有太多的NullPointer異常，經常需要復雜的檢測，浪費沒必要的代碼。
     */
    [Nullable]
    public void testNullable(A a){
        return a.b().c.d(); //如果用if else寫需要多少代碼？
    }
    
    /** *//**
     * 2. 動態屬性支持<br>
     * 類似范型的實現，由編譯器支持即可。<br>
     * @param a: A implements DynamicBean,沒有定義c屬性
     */
    public void dynamicProperty(A a){
        assert a != null;
        a.b.c = "abc"; //等效于a.getProperty("b").setProperty("c","abc");
        ResultSet rs; //for database:
        String name = rs.name; //if ResultSet defined getStringProperty(): String name = rs.getStringProperty("a");
        Element order; //for xml, element auto-created in getProperty() method.
        order.address.phone = "1234"; //order.getProperty("address").setProperty("phone","1234");
    }
    
    
    /** *//**
     * 3. 動態方法支持<br>
     * 由編譯器支持即可。<br>
     * @param a: A implements DynamicInvoke,沒有定義b()方法
     */
    public void dynamicMethod(A a){
        a.b(1,"x"); //編譯為a.invoke("b",new Object[]{1,"x"]);
    }
    
    /** *//**
     * 4. 快速反射<br>
     * 由編譯器支持即可。便于編譯期間錯誤檢查<br>
     * @param a: A 定義了b(),c變量
     */
    public void fastReflection(A a){
        Annotation[] mas = a.b().class.getAnnotations(); //a.getClass().getMethod("b").getAnnotations();
        Annotation[] mas = a.c.class.getAnnotations(); // a.getClass().getField("c").getAnnotations();
    }
    
    /** *//**
     * 5. 索引器<br>
     * 類似.net的索引器，語法簡潔。編譯期間支持即可<br>
     * @param a: A 實現了List接口，Map接口
     */
    public void indexVisit(A a){
        Element order ; //xml element
        Element first = order[0]; //order.get(0);
        Element address = order["address"]; //order.get("address")
    }

    /** *//**
     * 6. AOP<br>
     * JVM內置支持AOP標記<br>
     * Trace是用戶自行定制的Attribute, Trace.Interceptor指定攔截器 
     */
    [Trace]
    [Role("admin")][Transactional]
    public void jvmAOP(A a){
        
    }
    
    /** *//**
     * 7. 條件編譯<br>
     * 編譯器支持Condition標記,可以用于所有元素，甚至package<br>
     * 用于測試期間、調試期間編譯出不同的結果
     */
    
    /** *//**
     * 8. Schema，DataBase編譯支持<br>
     */
    public static void schemaSupport() {
        [Schema(url="file://test.xsd")]
        Document doc;
        Element c = doc.a.b.c; //根據schema編譯期間檢查
    }
    
    /** *//**
     * 9. 內置對象數據庫，支持類似記憶的遺忘模式以節省空間
     */
    public void databaseSupport(){
        Database.default.find("");
    }
    
    /** *//**
     * 10. 平臺支持<br>
     * 編寫windows的服務，調用windows的注冊表/log/ad/schedule/菜單、工具條、桌面。。。
     */
    public void platformSupport(){
        PlatformRegistry.getString(".");
    }

希望sun早日把java捐贈到開源社區，象eclipse一樣煥發青春。