2.1銆HTTP鍗忚綆浠?/b>
銆銆HTTP鏄竴涓睘浜庡簲鐢ㄥ眰鐨勯潰鍚戝璞＄殑鍗忚錛岀敱浜庡叾綆鎹楓佸揩閫熺殑鏂瑰紡錛岄傜敤浜庡垎甯冨紡瓚呭獟浣撲俊鎭郴緇熴傚畠浜?990騫存彁鍑猴紝緇忚繃鍑犲勾鐨勪嬌鐢ㄤ笌鍙戝睍錛屽緱鍒頒笉鏂湴瀹屽杽鍜屾墿灞曘傜洰鍓嶅湪WWW涓嬌鐢ㄧ殑鏄疕TTP/1.0鐨勭鍏増錛孒TTP/1.1鐨勮鑼冨寲宸ヤ綔姝ｅ湪榪涜涔嬩腑錛岃屼笖HTTP-NG(Next Generation of HTTP)鐨勫緩璁凡緇忔彁鍑恒?br />銆銆HTTP鍗忚鐨勪富瑕佺壒鐐瑰彲姒傛嫭濡備笅錛?br />1.鏀寔瀹㈡埛/鏈嶅姟鍣ㄦā寮忋?br />2.綆鍗曞揩閫燂細(xì)瀹㈡埛鍚戞湇鍔″櫒璇鋒眰鏈嶅姟鏃訛紝鍙渶浼犻佽姹傛柟娉曞拰璺緞銆傝姹傛柟娉曞父鐢ㄧ殑鏈塆ET銆丠EAD銆丳OST銆傛瘡縐嶆柟娉曡瀹氫簡瀹㈡埛涓庢湇鍔″櫒鑱旂郴鐨勭被鍨嬩笉鍚屻?br />鐢變簬HTTP鍗忚綆鍗曪紝浣垮緱HTTP鏈嶅姟鍣ㄧ殑紼嬪簭瑙勬ā灝忥紝鍥犺岄氫俊閫熷害寰堝揩銆?br />3.鐏墊椿錛欻TTP鍏佽浼犺緭浠繪剰綾誨瀷鐨勬暟鎹璞°傛鍦ㄤ紶杈撶殑綾誨瀷鐢盋ontent-Type鍔犱互鏍囪銆?br />4.鏃犺繛鎺ワ細(xì)鏃犺繛鎺ョ殑鍚箟鏄檺鍒舵瘡嬈¤繛鎺ュ彧澶勭悊涓涓姹傘傛湇鍔″櫒澶勭悊瀹屽鎴風(fēng)殑璇鋒眰錛屽茍鏀跺埌瀹㈡埛鐨勫簲絳斿悗錛屽嵆鏂紑榪炴帴銆傞噰鐢ㄨ繖縐嶆柟寮忓彲浠ヨ妭鐪佷紶杈撴椂闂淬?br />5.鏃犵姸鎬侊細(xì)HTTP鍗忚鏄棤鐘舵佸崗璁傛棤鐘舵佹槸鎸囧崗璁浜庝簨鍔″鐞嗘病鏈夎蹇嗚兘鍔涖傜己灝戠姸鎬佹剰鍛崇潃濡傛灉鍚庣畫澶勭悊闇瑕佸墠闈㈢殑淇℃伅錛屽垯瀹冨繀欏婚噸浼狅紝榪欐牱鍙兘瀵艱嚧姣忔榪炴帴浼犻佺殑鏁版嵁閲忓澶с傚彟涓鏂歸潰錛屽湪鏈嶅姟鍣ㄤ笉闇瑕佸厛鍓嶄俊鎭椂瀹冪殑搴旂瓟灝辮緝蹇?/p>
2.2銆HTTP鍗忚鐨勫嚑涓噸瑕佹蹇?/b>
銆銆1.榪炴帴(Connection)錛氫竴涓紶杈撳眰鐨勫疄闄呯幆嫻侊紝瀹冩槸寤虹珛鍦ㄤ袱涓浉浜掗氳鐨勫簲鐢ㄧ▼搴忎箣闂淬?br />銆銆2.娑堟伅(Message)錛欻TTP閫氳鐨勫熀鏈崟浣嶏紝鍖呮嫭涓涓粨鏋勫寲鐨勫叓鍏冪粍搴忓垪騫墮氳繃榪炴帴浼犺緭銆?br />銆銆3.璇鋒眰(Request)錛氫竴涓粠瀹㈡埛绔埌鏈嶅姟鍣ㄧ殑璇鋒眰淇℃伅鍖呮嫭搴旂敤浜庤祫婧愮殑鏂規(guī)硶銆佽祫婧愮殑鏍囪瘑絎﹀拰鍗忚鐨勭増鏈彿
銆銆4.鍝嶅簲(Response)錛氫竴涓粠鏈嶅姟鍣ㄨ繑鍥炵殑淇℃伅鍖呮嫭HTTP鍗忚鐨勭増鏈彿銆佽姹傜殑鐘舵?渚嬪鈥滄垚鍔熲濇垨鈥滄病鎵懼埌鈥?鍜屾枃妗ｇ殑MIME綾誨瀷銆?br />銆銆5.璧勬簮(Resource)錛氱敱URI鏍囪瘑鐨勭綉緇滄暟鎹璞℃垨鏈嶅姟銆?br />銆銆6.瀹炰綋(Entity)錛氭暟鎹祫婧愭垨鏉ヨ嚜鏈嶅姟璧勬簮鐨勫洖鏄犵殑涓縐嶇壒孌婅〃紺烘柟娉曪紝瀹冨彲鑳借鍖呭洿鍦ㄤ竴涓姹傛垨鍝嶅簲淇℃伅涓備竴涓疄浣撳寘鎷疄浣撳ご淇℃伅鍜屽疄浣撶殑鏈韓鍐呭銆?br />銆銆7.瀹㈡埛鏈?Client)錛氫竴涓負(fù)鍙戦佽姹傜洰鐨勮屽緩绔嬭繛鎺ョ殑搴旂敤紼嬪簭銆?br />銆銆8.鐢ㄦ埛浠ｇ悊(User agent)錛氬垵濮嬪寲涓涓姹傜殑瀹㈡埛鏈恒傚畠浠槸嫻忚鍣ㄣ佺紪杈戝櫒鎴栧叾瀹冪敤鎴峰伐鍏楓?br />銆銆9.鏈嶅姟鍣?Server)錛氫竴涓帴鍙楄繛鎺ュ茍瀵硅姹傝繑鍥炰俊鎭殑搴旂敤紼嬪簭銆?br />銆銆10.婧愭湇鍔″櫒(Origin server)錛氭槸涓涓粰瀹氳祫婧愬彲浠ュ湪鍏朵笂椹葷暀鎴栬鍒涘緩鐨勬湇鍔″櫒銆?br />銆銆11.浠ｇ悊(Proxy)錛氫竴涓腑闂寸▼搴忥紝瀹冨彲浠ュ厖褰撲竴涓湇鍔″櫒錛屼篃鍙互鍏呭綋涓涓鎴鋒満錛屼負(fù)鍏跺畠瀹㈡埛鏈哄緩绔嬭姹傘傝姹傛槸閫氳繃鍙兘鐨勭炕璇戝湪鍐呴儴鎴栫粡榪囦紶閫掑埌鍏跺畠鐨勬湇鍔″櫒涓備竴涓唬鐞嗗湪鍙戦佽姹備俊鎭箣鍓嶏紝蹇呴』瑙ｉ噴騫朵笖濡傛灉鍙兘閲嶅啓瀹冦?br />銆銆浠ｇ悊緇忓父浣滀負(fù)閫氳繃闃茬伀澧欑殑瀹㈡埛鏈虹鐨勯棬鎴鳳紝浠ｇ悊榪樺彲浠ヤ綔涓轟竴涓府鍔╁簲鐢ㄦ潵閫氳繃鍗忚澶勭悊娌℃湁琚敤鎴蜂唬鐞嗗畬鎴愮殑璇鋒眰銆?br />銆銆12.緗戝叧(Gateway)錛氫竴涓綔涓哄叾瀹冩湇鍔″櫒涓棿濯掍粙鐨勬湇鍔″櫒銆備笌浠ｇ悊涓嶅悓鐨勬槸錛岀綉鍏蟲帴鍙楄姹傚氨濂借薄瀵硅璇鋒眰鐨勮祫婧愭潵璇村畠?yōu)鏄簮鏈嶅姟鍣ㄥQ涘彂鍑鴻姹傜殑瀹㈡埛鏈哄茍娌℃湁鎰忚瘑鍒板畠鍦ㄥ悓緗戝叧鎵撲氦閬撱?br />銆銆緗戝叧緇忓父浣滀負(fù)閫氳繃闃茬伀澧欑殑鏈嶅姟鍣ㄧ鐨勯棬鎴鳳紝緗戝叧榪樺彲浠ヤ綔涓轟竴涓崗璁炕璇戝櫒浠ヤ究瀛樺彇閭ｄ簺瀛樺偍鍦ㄩ潪HTTP緋葷粺涓殑璧勬簮銆?br />銆銆13.閫氶亾(Tunnel)錛氭槸浣滀負(fù)涓や釜榪炴帴涓戶鐨勪腑浠嬬▼搴忋備竴鏃︽縺媧伙紝閫氶亾渚胯璁や負(fù)涓嶅睘浜嶩TTP閫氳錛屽敖綆￠氶亾鍙兘鏄涓涓狧TTP璇鋒眰鍒濆鍖栫殑銆傚綋琚腑緇х殑榪炴帴涓ょ鍏抽棴鏃訛紝閫氶亾渚挎秷澶便傚綋涓涓棬鎴?Portal)蹇呴』瀛樺湪鎴栦腑浠?Intermediary)涓嶈兘瑙ｉ噴涓戶鐨勯氳鏃墮氶亾琚粡甯鎬嬌鐢ㄣ?br />銆銆14.緙撳瓨(Cache)錛氬弽搴斾俊鎭殑灞鍩熷瓨鍌ㄣ?/p>
2.3銆HTTP鍗忚鐨勮繍浣滄柟寮?/b>
銆銆HTTP鍗忚鏄熀浜庤姹傦紡鍝嶅簲鑼冨紡鐨勩備竴涓鎴鋒満涓庢湇鍔″櫒寤虹珛榪炴帴鍚庯紝鍙戦佷竴涓姹傜粰鏈嶅姟鍣紝璇鋒眰鏂瑰紡鐨勬牸寮忎負(fù)錛岀粺涓璧勬簮鏍囪瘑絎︺佸崗璁増鏈彿錛屽悗杈規(guī)槸MIME淇℃伅鍖呮嫭璇鋒眰淇グ絎︺佸鎴鋒満淇℃伅鍜屽彲鑳界殑鍐呭銆傛湇鍔″櫒鎺ュ埌璇鋒眰鍚庯紝緇欎簣鐩稿簲鐨勫搷搴斾俊鎭紝鍏舵牸寮忎負(fù)涓涓姸鎬佽鍖呮嫭淇℃伅鐨勫崗璁増鏈彿銆佷竴涓垚鍔熸垨閿欒鐨勪唬鐮侊紝鍚庤竟鏄疢IME淇℃伅鍖呮嫭鏈嶅姟鍣ㄤ俊鎭佸疄浣撲俊鎭拰鍙兘鐨勫唴瀹廣?br />銆銆璁稿HTTP閫氳鏄敱涓涓敤鎴蜂唬鐞嗗垵濮嬪寲鐨勫茍涓斿寘鎷竴涓敵璇峰湪婧愭湇鍔″櫒涓婅祫婧愮殑璇鋒眰銆傛渶綆鍗曠殑鎯呭喌鍙兘鏄湪鐢ㄦ埛浠ｇ悊(UA)鍜屾簮鏈嶅姟鍣?O)涔嬮棿閫氳繃涓涓崟鐙殑榪炴帴鏉ュ畬鎴?瑙佸浘2-1)銆?br />
鍥?-1
銆銆褰撲竴涓垨澶氫釜涓粙鍑虹幇鍦ㄨ姹傦紡鍝嶅簲閾句腑鏃訛紝鎯呭喌灝卞彉寰楀鏉備竴浜涖備腑浠嬬敱涓夌錛氫唬鐞?Proxy)銆佺綉鍏?Gateway)鍜岄氶亾(Tunnel)銆備竴涓唬鐞嗘牴鎹甎RI鐨勭粷瀵規(guī)牸寮忔潵鎺ュ彈璇鋒眰錛岄噸鍐欏叏閮ㄦ垨閮ㄥ垎娑堟伅錛岄氳繃URI鐨勬爣璇嗘妸宸叉牸寮忓寲榪囩殑璇鋒眰鍙戦佸埌鏈嶅姟鍣ㄣ傜綉鍏蟲槸涓涓帴鏀朵唬鐞嗭紝浣滀負(fù)涓浜涘叾瀹冩湇鍔″櫒鐨勪笂灞傦紝騫朵笖濡傛灉蹇呴』鐨勮瘽錛屽彲浠ユ妸璇鋒眰緲昏瘧緇欎笅灞傜殑鏈嶅姟鍣ㄥ崗璁備竴涓氶亾浣滀負(fù)涓嶆敼鍙樻秷鎭殑涓や釜榪炴帴涔嬮棿鐨勪腑緇х偣銆傚綋閫氳闇瑕侀氳繃涓涓腑浠?渚嬪錛氶槻鐏絳?鎴栬呮槸涓粙涓嶈兘璇嗗埆娑堟伅鐨勫唴瀹規(guī)椂錛岄氶亾緇忓父琚嬌鐢ㄣ?
鍥?-2
銆銆涓婇潰鐨勫浘2-2琛ㄦ槑浜嗗湪鐢ㄦ埛浠ｇ悊(UA)鍜屾簮鏈嶅姟鍣?O)涔嬮棿鏈変笁涓腑浠?A,B鍜孋)銆備竴涓氳繃鏁翠釜閾劇殑璇鋒眰鎴栧搷搴旀秷鎭繀欏葷粡榪囧洓涓繛鎺ユ銆傝繖涓尯鍒槸閲嶈鐨勶紝鍥犱負(fù)涓浜汬TTP閫氳閫夋嫨鍙兘搴旂敤浜庢渶榪戠殑榪炴帴銆佹病鏈夐氶亾鐨勯偦灞咃紝搴旂敤浜庨摼鐨勭粓鐐規(guī)垨搴旂敤浜庢部閾劇殑鎵鏈夎繛鎺ャ傚敖綆″浘2-2鏄嚎鎬х殑錛屾瘡涓弬涓庤呴兘鍙兘浠庝簨澶氶噸鐨勩佸茍鍙戠殑閫氳銆備緥濡傦紝B鍙兘浠庤澶氬鎴鋒満鎺ユ敹璇鋒眰鑰屼笉閫氳繃A錛屽茍涓旓紡鎴栬呬笉閫氳繃C鎶婅姹傞佸埌A錛屽湪鍚屾椂瀹冭繕鍙兘澶勭悊A鐨勮姹傘?br />銆銆浠諱綍閽堝涓嶄綔涓洪氶亾鐨勬眹鑱氬彲鑳戒負(fù)澶勭悊璇鋒眰鍚敤涓涓唴閮ㄧ紦瀛樸傜紦瀛樼殑鏁堟灉鏄姹傦紡鍝嶅簲閾捐緙╃煭錛屾潯浠舵槸娌塊摼鐨勫弬涓庤呬箣涓鍏鋒湁涓涓紦瀛樼殑鍝嶅簲浣滅敤浜庨偅涓姹傘備笅鍥捐鏄庣粨鏋滈摼錛屽叾鏉′歡鏄拡瀵逛竴涓湭琚玌A鎴朅鍔犵紦瀛樼殑璇鋒眰錛孊鏈変竴涓粡榪嘋鏉ヨ嚜O鐨勪竴涓墠鏈熷搷搴旂殑緙撳瓨鎷瘋礉銆?br />
鍥?-3
銆銆鍦↖nternet涓婏紝HTTP閫氳閫氬父鍙戠敓鍦═CP/IP榪炴帴涔嬩笂銆傜己鐪佺鍙ｆ槸TCP 80錛屼絾鍏跺畠鐨勭鍙ｄ篃鏄彲鐢ㄧ殑銆備絾榪欏茍涓嶉紺虹潃HTTP鍗忚鍦↖nternet鎴栧叾瀹冪綉緇滅殑鍏跺畠鍗忚涔嬩笂鎵嶈兘瀹屾垚銆侶TTP鍙紺虹潃涓涓彲闈犵殑浼犺緭銆?br />銆銆浠ヤ笂綆瑕佷粙緇嶄簡HTTP鍗忚鐨勫畯瑙傝繍浣滄柟寮忥紝涓嬮潰浠嬬粛涓涓婬TTP鍗忚鐨勫唴閮ㄦ搷浣滆繃紼嬨?br />銆銆棣栧厛錛岀畝鍗曚粙緇嶅熀浜嶩TTP鍗忚鐨勫鎴?鏈嶅姟鍣ㄦā寮忕殑淇℃伅浜ゆ崲榪囩▼錛屽鍥?-4鎵紺猴紝瀹冨垎鍥涗釜榪囩▼錛屽緩绔嬭繛鎺ャ佸彂閫佽姹備俊鎭佸彂閫佸搷搴斾俊鎭佸叧闂繛鎺ャ?br />
鍥?-4
銆銆鍦╓WW涓紝鈥滃鎴封濅笌鈥滄湇鍔″櫒鈥濇槸涓涓浉瀵圭殑姒傚康錛屽彧瀛樺湪浜庝竴涓壒瀹氱殑榪炴帴鏈熼棿錛屽嵆鍦ㄦ煇涓繛鎺ヤ腑鐨勫鎴峰湪鍙︿竴涓繛鎺ヤ腑鍙兘浣滀負(fù)鏈嶅姟鍣ㄣ俉WW鏈嶅姟鍣ㄨ繍琛屾椂錛屼竴鐩村湪TCP80绔彛(WWW鐨勭己鐪佺鍙?鐩戝惉錛岀瓑寰呰繛鎺ョ殑鍑虹幇銆?br />銆銆涓嬮潰錛岃璁篐TTP鍗忚涓嬪鎴?鏈嶅姟鍣ㄦā寮忎腑淇℃伅浜ゆ崲鐨勫疄鐜般?銆銆1.寤虹珛榪炴帴 銆銆榪炴帴鐨勫緩绔嬫槸閫氳繃鐢寵濂楁帴瀛?Socket)瀹炵幇鐨勩傚鎴鋒墦寮涓涓鎺ュ瓧騫舵妸瀹冪害鏉熷湪涓涓鍙ｄ笂錛屽鏋滄垚鍔燂紝灝辯浉褰撲簬寤虹珛浜嗕竴涓櫄鎷熸枃浠躲備互鍚庡氨鍙互鍦ㄨ铏氭嫙鏂囦歡涓婂啓鏁版嵁騫墮氳繃緗戠粶鍚戝浼犻併?br />銆銆2.鍙戦佽姹?br />銆銆鎵撳紑涓涓繛鎺ュ悗錛屽鎴鋒満鎶婅姹傛秷鎭佸埌鏈嶅姟鍣ㄧ殑鍋滅暀绔彛涓婏紝瀹屾垚鎻愬嚭璇鋒眰鍔ㄤ綔銆?br />銆銆HTTP/1.0銆銆璇鋒眰娑堟伅鐨勬牸寮忎負(fù)錛?br />銆銆璇鋒眰娑堟伅=璇鋒眰琛?閫氱敤淇℃伅|璇鋒眰澶磡瀹炰綋澶? CRLF[瀹炰綋鍐呭]
銆銆璇鋒眰銆琛?鏂規(guī)硶銆璇鋒眰URL銆HTTP鐗堟湰鍙楓CRLF
銆銆鏂廣銆娉?GET|HEAD|POST|鎵╁睍鏂規(guī)硶
銆銆U銆R 銆L=鍗忚鍚嶇О+瀹夸富鍚?鐩綍涓庢枃浠跺悕
銆銆璇鋒眰琛屼腑鐨勬柟娉曟弿榪版寚瀹氳祫婧愪腑搴旇鎵ц鐨勫姩浣滐紝甯哥敤鐨勬柟娉曟湁GET銆丠EAD鍜孭OST銆備笉鍚岀殑璇鋒眰瀵硅薄瀵瑰簲GET鐨勭粨鏋滄槸涓嶅悓鐨勶紝瀵瑰簲鍏崇郴濡備笅錛?br />銆銆瀵硅薄銆銆銆銆銆銆GET鐨勭粨鏋?br />銆銆鏂囦歡銆銆銆銆銆銆鏂囦歡鐨勫唴瀹?br />銆銆紼嬪簭銆銆銆銆銆銆璇ョ▼搴忕殑鎵ц緇撴灉
銆銆鏁版嵁搴撴煡璇€銆銆鏌ヨ緇撴灉
銆銆HEAD鈥斺旇姹傛湇鍔″櫒鏌ユ壘鏌愬璞＄殑鍏冧俊鎭紝鑰屼笉鏄璞℃湰韜?br />銆銆POST鈥斺斾粠瀹㈡埛鏈哄悜鏈嶅姟鍣ㄤ紶閫佹暟鎹紝鍦ㄨ姹傛湇鍔″櫒鍜孋GI鍋氳繘涓姝ュ鐞嗘椂浼?xì)鐢ㄥ埌POST鏂規(guī)硶銆侾OST涓昏鐢ㄤ簬鍙戦丠TML鏂囨湰涓璅ORM鐨勫唴瀹癸紝璁〤GI紼嬪簭澶勭悊銆?br />銆銆涓涓姹傜殑渚嬪瓙涓猴細(xì)
銆銆GET http://networking.zju.edu.cn/zju/index.htm HTTP/1.0
銆銆澶翠俊鎭張縐頒負(fù)鍏冧俊鎭紝鍗充俊鎭殑淇℃伅錛屽埄鐢ㄥ厓淇℃伅鍙互瀹炵幇鏈夋潯浠剁殑璇鋒眰鎴栧簲絳?銆?br />銆銆璇鋒眰澶粹斺斿憡璇夋湇鍔″櫒鎬庢牱瑙ｉ噴鏈璇鋒眰錛屼富瑕佸寘鎷敤鎴峰彲浠ユ帴鍙楃殑鏁版嵁綾誨瀷銆佸帇緙╂柟娉曞拰璇█絳夈?br />銆銆瀹炰綋澶粹斺斿疄浣撲俊鎭被鍨嬨侀暱搴︺佸帇緙╂柟娉曘佹渶鍚庝竴嬈′慨鏀規(guī)椂闂淬佹暟鎹湁鏁堟湡絳夈?br />銆銆瀹炰綋鈥斺旇姹傛垨搴旂瓟瀵硅薄鏈韓銆?br />銆銆3.鍙戦佸搷搴?br />銆銆鏈嶅姟鍣ㄥ湪澶勭悊瀹屽鎴風(fēng)殑璇鋒眰涔嬪悗錛岃鍚戝鎴鋒満鍙戦佸搷搴旀秷鎭?br />銆銆HTTP/1.0鐨勫搷搴旀秷鎭牸寮忓涓嬶細(xì)
銆銆鍝嶅簲娑堟伅=鐘舵佽(閫氱敤淇℃伅澶磡鍝嶅簲澶磡瀹炰綋澶?銆CRLF銆銆斿疄浣撳唴瀹廣?br />銆銆鐘?鎬?琛?HTTP鐗堟湰鍙楓鐘舵佺爜銆鍘熷洜鍙欒堪
銆銆鐘舵佺爜琛ㄧず鍝嶅簲綾誨瀷
銆銆1脳脳銆銆淇濈暀
銆銆2脳脳銆銆琛ㄧず璇鋒眰鎴愬姛鍦版帴鏀?br />銆銆3脳脳銆銆涓哄畬鎴愯姹傚鎴烽渶榪涗竴姝ョ粏鍖栬姹?br />銆銆4脳脳銆銆瀹㈡埛閿欒
銆銆5脳脳銆銆鏈嶅姟鍣ㄩ敊璇?
銆銆鍝嶅簲澶寸殑淇℃伅鍖呮嫭錛氭湇鍔＄▼搴忓悕錛岄氱煡瀹㈡埛璇鋒眰鐨刄RL闇瑕佽璇侊紝璇鋒眰鐨勮祫婧愪綍鏃惰兘浣跨敤銆?br />銆銆4.鍏抽棴榪炴帴
銆銆瀹㈡埛鍜屾湇鍔″櫒鍙屾柟閮藉彲浠ラ氳繃鍏抽棴濂楁帴瀛楁潵緇撴潫TCP/IP瀵硅瘽